mm-448 Subject: Re: Largest Useful Number?Repeated for Xposting purposes...in> the context of the brain (and afaics neural connections). Is this a record> for a 'useful' number? Of course it depends on how you define useful. Iwas> thinking in terms of, say, upper bounds for proofs, the number ofreferential> number y = x+1 used solely for saying y is 1 bigger than the number x your> rival found useful).> (btw http://tinyurl.com/nb7s for another man obsessed with size)> cheers> dd === Subject: Re: Largest Useful Number?> Repeated for Xposting purposes...> in>> the context of the brain (and afaics neural connections). Is this a record>> for a 'useful' number? Of course it depends on how you define useful. I> was>> thinking in terms of, say, upper bounds for proofs, the number of> referential>> number y = x+1 used solely for saying y is 1 bigger than the number x your>> rival found useful).>> (btw http://tinyurl.com/nb7s for another man obsessed with size)>> cheers>> ddCheck out 's number at. This number is soenormous that a special notation had to be devised just to express it.Not only does this number have a name, it is the smallest known upperbound for the solution of a certain problem in an area of graph theoryknown as Ramsey Theory.And the kicker is: mathematicians suspect that the actual least upperbound for the stated problem is 6, but they can't prove it.-- Dave SeamanJudge Yohn's mistakes revealed in Mumia Abu-Jamal ruling. And the kicker is: mathematicians suspect that the actual least upper> bound for the stated problem is 6, but they can't prove it.I notice that the page I cited says the number N* is now known to be at least11 and is suspected to be larger.-- Dave SeamanJudge Yohn's mistakes revealed in Mumia Abu-Jamal ruling. x sub n as n -> infinity, since i get abs (?-sub n - x-subn) + abs (x-sub n-L)< E.For anyone who isn't familiar or just forgot the meaning, the nth Cesaromean is defined as?-sub n= 1/n(x1+....x-subn). The idea is that as n increases, the mean willeventually approach L the same way that x-sub n approaches L, because allthe terms will be close to L, and the average hence also close to L.Miao Xu === Subject: Re: Smallest number without a name>Similarly, there is no lowest number whose shortest name contains>fewer than a hundred letters.> I would dispute this (with more substituted for fewer, as you> acknowledge). The lowest number whose shortest name contains more than a> hundred letters is not the name of a number (and hence the source of a> paradox), it's a *description* of a number. agreedbut how about the reciprocal , or additive inverse (depending what youmean by small) of the largest number ever namedI realize it is the same situation as giving a person whose surname dependson some existing unspecified event, but whose existence can be verified.For example Whatever-the surname-of the -current-president-of- the-U.S)This seems to be a peculiar Name and yet a Meta-name (description of thealgorithm for determining a name) all at once!!RJ Pease === Subject: Frustrated with math!! Please Help!I know this problem should be very easy to work, but I am just drawingblanks. Please help if you can!I am trying to solve for x. 3 4___ _ ___ = 5x+2 x-2Hillarie === Subject: Re: Frustrated with math!! Please Help!> I know this problem should be very easy to work, but I am just drawing> blanks. Please help if you can!> I am trying to solve for x.> 3 4> ___ _ ___ = 5> x+2 x-2> HillarieFirst thing you want to do is multiply both sides by a common denominator,(x+2)(x-2).So doing that gives3(x-2)-4(x+2)=5(x^2-4) Distribute3x-6-4x-8=5x^2-20 Simplify-x-14=5x^2-20 Get 0 on one side5x^2+x-6=0 Factor(5x+6)(x-1)=05x+6=0 or x-1=0 by Zero Product Propertyx=-6/5 or x=1The check is left to you.David Moran === Subject: Interest calculation over 1 yearMy credit card company is currently offering me a deal where I can make a0%bce transfer for the life of the bce as long as I spend 50 permonth on the card. The 50 would be charged at 17.9% APR.If I were to spend 50 per month over a year, how much interest would becharged? The salesperson calculated it at 71p for the first month if thebce was 50.I am thinking of taking out a bce transfer of 3000 and if I did notspend at least 50 per month, I would be charged a rate of 6.9%.How exactly is interest calculated from aprs so I can work it out myselfin future? === Subject: Re: Interest calculation over 1 yearalt.math.undergrad, G Hampton >My credit card company is currently offering me a deal where I can make a>0%>bce transfer for the life of the bce as long as I spend 50 per>month on the card. The 50 would be charged at 17.9% APR.>If I were to spend 50 per month over a year, how much interest would be>charged?None, if you pay it within the grace period. -- Stan Brown, Oak Road Systems, Cortland County, New York, USA http://OakRoadSystems.comAddress munging may or may not reduce the spam you get; it surelyreduces the number of useful answers you get. http://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/usenet/laws.html === Subject: Re: Interest calculation over 1 year>alt.math.undergrad, G Hampton > >>My credit card company is currently offering me a deal where I can make a>>0%>>bce transfer for the life of the bce as long as I spend 50 per>>month on the card. The 50 would be charged at 17.9% APR.>>If I were to spend 50 per month over a year, how much interest would be>>charged?>> >None, if you pay it within the grace period. > Nope. This is a teaser. You transfer your 3000 shekels (which get charged no interest). Then you charge 50 denarii a month and pay 60 shekels a month. All 60 shekels get credited against the 3000 no-interest shekels and your 50 denarii are charged 111.5% APR.The easiest way to calculate the APR is to set up a spreadsheet. Assuming you don't want to get really super-sophisticated, you keep two running bces. In column 1, you start with the bce transferred, and decrease it by the payment each month, until you get to 0. In column 2, you start with 0, and increment by 1.5% + 50.75 (assuming you charge your 50 on the first day of the month) or 50 (last day) or 50.375 (middle) (and except that the first month it's 50). Once the first column gets to 0, you then decrement the second column by the payment amount * 1.01 (this assumes the payment is made about 10 days into the ing cycle) and stop adding on the 50 that you're required to charge to keep the zero-interest on the transferred amount. (You do this with an if statement.)Just a note, the payment might also be split between paying the interest on the interest-charging part of the account and paying the rest against the non-interest-charging part. I guess this means that you have to read your contract. Also, I've heard that there are cards that charge interest based on the two-cycle average daily bce, rather than just the last cycle. You just adjust the calculations accordingly.Anyway, in order to calculate the APR, you now create a third column, which is the actual cash flow. For the first month, it's the amount transferred, for the subsequent months (until the transferred bce gets to 0) it's the amount charged minus the amount paid (this will be a negative number, meaning that it's cash out the door), and for months after the transferred bce gets to 0, it's just negative the amount paid (which is really the amount charged minus the amount paid, since you're not charging anything that you'll be charged interest on). Then you use the IRR function to calculate the IRR, which is the monthly rate. Multiply by 12 to get the APR (because it's the law, that's why). Paying $91.87 to pay it off in 5 years, I get 9.1%.Well, borrowing $3000 and charging $50 a month, and paying $68.14 to pay it all off in 10 years, I get 11.9%. (I have to do it in $ because my keyboard doesn't have a pound symbol.) You can calculate the payment by using the solver function.As a further piece of trivia, the reason these programs are called spreadsheets is that, once upon a time, when you wanted to do this sort of calculation, you'd pull out your ledger paper and fill in the boxes, and the calculations would be spread out all over the desks of the banks of clerks who were performing the calculations. Sometimes people would tape the sheets to each other so that they could see the calculations all together. Anyway, even though it's a graphic on a screen, it's still a spreadsheet. (And even though Roomba does the actual work, I still vacuum the house, because I turn it on.)Jon Miller === Subject: Mathematics - Bachelor's Degree QuestionsI'm considering going to get my bachelor's degree in mathematics.Couple questions...1) Is there good money to be made in this major? If so, where's it at?2) Is there any way to be a mathematician and still be your own boss (ie.notwork for anyone)?--Anthony === Subject: Re: Mathematics - Bachelor's Degree Questions> I'm considering going to get my bachelor's degree in mathematics.> Couple questions...> 1) Is there good money to be made in this major? If so, where's it at?> 2) Is there any way to be a mathematician and still be your own boss (ie.> not> work for anyone)?> --> AnthonyThere are careers in operations research, being an actuary, statistics, andobviously teaching. You might also consider taking courses in a related areathat you like that might recognize a lot of math. courses (so there is someoverlap in course requirements) such as Electrical Engineering, Physics, orEconomics. Maybe even a double major.What I've found that math. was helpful to me in two ways: 1. The disciplinedway of thinking that you can apply to problems 2. You can hold your own whensomething requiring math. comes up - from statistics to optimization. === Subject: Re: Mathematics - Bachelor's Degree Questions> 2. You can hold your own when>something requiring math. comes up - from statistics to optimization.Above quote is one of the most important results of studying Math for any majorfield of study which would require math. Mathematics gives you powerful toolsfor clarifying quantitative situations and making decisions for suchsituations. Combine the Math major with another field. Engineers, chemists,scientific researchers, all need to be able to use mathematics.G C === Subject: Re: Mathematics - Bachelor's Degree Questions> I'm considering going to get my bachelor's degree in mathematics.> Couple questions...> 1) Is there good money to be made in this major? If so, where's it at?If you are choosing your major based on the ability to make money, you should be prepared to hate your job. On the other hand, you *can* make a living with it.> 2) Is there any way to be a mathematician and still be your own boss (ie.> not> work for anyone)?I have heard of mathematicians doing contract work for cities, etc. Not necessarily a *reliable* income, mind you. Or you could be one of the people posting that you'll solve their homework problems.-- === Subject: Re: Mathematics - Bachelor's Degree Questions> I'm considering going to get my bachelor's degree in mathematics.> Couple questions...> 1) Is there good money to be made in this major? If so, where's it at?If money's your thing, major in business. Math is not a get quick scheme. After you graduate you can get a job as a programmer, but that's not a get quick scheme eithher.> 2) Is there any way to be a mathematician and still be your own boss (ie.> not> work for anyone)?Stephen Wolfram? Then again he's a pretty smart guy, his book notwithstanding. === Subject: Re: Mathematics - Bachelor's Degree Questionsprinted them out to further dwell on.--Anthony>I'm considering going to get my bachelor's degree in mathematics.>Couple questions...>1) Is there good money to be made in this major? If so, where's it at?> If money's your thing, major in business. Math is not a get quick> scheme. After you graduate you can get a job as a programmer, but> that's not a get quick scheme eithher.>2) Is there any way to be a mathematician and still be your own boss(ie.>not>work for anyone)?> Stephen Wolfram? Then again he's a pretty smart guy, his book> notwithstanding. === Subject: Re: infinity dimensional vector space> Can you prove that the vector space of real-valued function over a> differentiable manifold M is infinity-dimensionalI'm sure this assignment was given to you to test whether YOU can.That makes it kinda moot whether anybody else out here can. No? === Subject: Uniqueness of gcd(a,b) = as + btHi everyone,It is well known that gcd(a, b) = as + bt for some integers a, b, s, t, witha > b > 0. What I need to know is whether s and t are unique. Any hints?Bernd === Subject: Re: Uniqueness of gcd(a,b) = as + bt> Hi everyone,> It is well known that gcd(a, b) = as + bt for some integers a, b, s, t,with> a > b > 0. What I need to know is whether s and t are unique. Any hints?> BerndSuppose they arent. Suppose p,q do the job too. Then;as + bt = gcd(a, b) = ap + bqa(s-p) = b(q-t)So how about letting;s-p = b => p = s-bq-t = a => q = a+tSo;gcd(a, b) = ap + bq = a(s-b) + b(a+t) = as + btas required.I hope. (Getting practice in before term starts...!)Craig === Subject: Re: Uniqueness of gcd(a,b) = as + bt>Hi everyone,>It is well known that gcd(a, b) = as + bt for some integers a, b, s, t,> with>a > b > 0. What I need to know is whether s and t are unique. Any hints?>Bernd> Suppose they arent. Suppose p,q do the job too. Then;> as + bt = gcd(a, b) = ap + bq> a(s-p) = b(q-t)> So how about letting;> s-p = b => p = s-b> q-t = a => q = a+tThe argument is bogus. Why not let s - p = q - t = 0. Then p = s, q = t andap + bq = as + bt as desired.> So;> gcd(a, b) = ap + bq = a(s-b) + b(a+t) = as + bt> as required.> I hope. (Getting practice in before term starts...!)Bernd === Subject: Re: Uniqueness of gcd(a,b) = as + btNever mind, I just found a counter-example:gcd(5, 3) = 1 = 5(2) + 3(-3) = 5(5) + 3(-8)Here is another question which I'd hoped to solve using the uniqueness ofgcd(a, b) = as + bt (which I can't anymore): Suppose a, b are positiveintegers with gcd(a, b) = 1. Then there exists positive integers s and t,with 0 < s < b, such that as - bt = , and in particular (as) mod b = 1. Showthat s is unique.Any hints on this one?Bernd> Hi everyone,> It is well known that gcd(a, b) = as + bt for some integers a, b, s, t,with> a > b > 0. What I need to know is whether s and t are unique. Any hints?> Bernd === Subject: Re: Uniqueness of gcd(a,b) = as + bt Visiting Assistant Professor at the University of Montana.>Never mind, I just found a counter-example:>gcd(5, 3) = 1 = 5(2) + 3(-3) = 5(5) + 3(-8)>Here is another question which I'd hoped to solve using the uniqueness of>gcd(a, b) = as + bt (which I can't anymore): Suppose a, b are positive>integers with gcd(a, b) = 1. Then there exists positive integers s and t,>with 0 < s < b, such that as - bt = , and in particular (as) mod b = 1. Show>that s is unique.>Any hints on this one?You must assume that b>1, obviously.Consider the collection { s in Z: s>0 and there is t in Z such that as+bt = 1}The first thing to do is verify that this set is nonempty. We knowthat there exist integers s and t such that as+bt=1, but we do notknow anything about the signs of s and t. If s is positive, you are done. The set is nonempty. If s<0, thenthere exists k>0 such that bk>-s. Then1 = as+bt = a(s+kb) + b(t-ak)and s+kb>0. Thus, the set is nonempty.Since it is a nonempty set of positive integers, there must be asmallest s such that s>0, and there exists t such that as+bt=1.Is s>=b, then1 = as + bt = a(s-b) + b(t+a)and s-b>=0; it cannot equal 0, because then you would have b(t+a)=1,which implies that b=1 or b=-1, which is impossible. Therefore, thecondition s>=b is impossible. Thus, 0Never mind, I just found a counter-example:>gcd(5, 3) = 1 = 5(2) + 3(-3) = 5(5) + 3(-8)>Here is another question which I'd hoped to solve using the uniqueness of>gcd(a, b) = as + bt (which I can't anymore): Suppose a, b are positive>integers with gcd(a, b) = 1. Then there exists positive integers s and t,>with 0 < s < b, such that as - bt = , and in particular (as) mod b = 1.Show>that s is unique.>Any hints on this one?> You must assume that b>1, obviously.> Consider the collection> { s in Z: s>0 and there is t in Z such that as+bt = 1}> The first thing to do is verify that this set is nonempty. We know> that there exist integers s and t such that as+bt=1, but we do not> know anything about the signs of s and t.> If s is positive, you are done. The set is nonempty. If s<0, then> there exists k>0 such that bk>-s. Then> 1 = as+bt> = a(s+kb) + b(t-ak)> and s+kb>0. Thus, the set is nonempty.> Since it is a nonempty set of positive integers, there must be a> smallest s such that s>0, and there exists t such that as+bt=1.> Is s>=b, then> 1 = as + bt = a(s-b) + b(t+a)> and s-b>=0; it cannot equal 0, because then you would have b(t+a)=1,> which implies that b=1 or b=-1, which is impossible. Therefore, the> condition s>=b is impossible. Thus, 0 Now explain why if you had TWO values s, s', both satisfying 0 and such that there exist t, t' such that> as+bt = as'+ bt' = 1,> then s=s'. (Hint: consider s'-s)OK. Say s' - s > 0 so a(s' - s) + bt'' = 1 for some integer t''.as' = 1 - bt', as = 1 - bt, and soa(s' - s) + bt'' = 1 - bt' + bt - 1 + bt'' = b(t'' - t' + t) = 1 implying b= -1 or 1 which is impossible.The same happens if we consider s - s' > 0. Therefore, by process ofelimination, we must have that s' - s = 0 so s' = s. Very good.Bernd === Subject: Re: Uniqueness of gcd(a,b) = as + bt Visiting Assistant Professor at the University of Montana.>> Now explain why if you had TWO values s, s', both satisfying 0> and such that there exist t, t' such that>> as+bt = as'+ bt' = 1,>> then s=s'. (Hint: consider s'-s)>OK. Say s' - s > 0 so a(s' - s) + bt'' = 1 for some integer t''.>as' = 1 - bt', as = 1 - bt, and so>a(s' - s) + bt'' = 1 - bt' + bt - 1 + bt'' = b(t'' - t' + t) = 1 implying b>= -1 or 1 which is impossible.>The same happens if we consider s - s' > 0. Therefore, by process of>elimination, we must have that s' - s = 0 so s' = s. Very good.Actually, I gave you a very bad hint. Mea culpa. There is no reason toassume that there is a t'' such that a(s'-s) + bt'' = 1.Instead, note that b must divide a(s'-s), since as' + bt' - (as + bt) = 0 so a(s'-s) = b(t-t').But b is coprime to a, so b must divide s'-s. However, 0<=s'-s < b, sothe only possibility is for s'-s = 0, or for s'=s. === Subject: The only stupid question is ...Does anyone know where I can find a web page that lists calculus symbols? Idon't need to take the whole class just yet. I just need to decipher a fewformulas -- I think I've got sigma (sum) and delta (change) but there are afew more.TIA === Subject: Re: The only stupid question is ...> Does anyone know where I can find a web page that lists calculus symbols?I> don't need to take the whole class just yet. I just need to decipher afew> formulas -- I think I've got sigma (sum) and delta (change) but there area> few more.A short list can be found in the alt.algebra.help FAQ, to includesuggestions on how you might express such symbols in newsgroupese:http://aah.ryan-usa.com/node20.html-- Darrell === Subject: Proof: symmetric group is not cyclicI have two ways to prove symmetric group is not cyclic if n is more than 2.1)Since symmetric group is not abelian (n>2),and cyclic group is abelian,so, symmetric group is not cyclic group (n>2)2)Since symmetric group is a permutation group of order n!,and cyclic group only has order n,so, when n>2, symmetric group is not cyclic.P.L. === Subject: Re: Proof: symmetric group is not cyclic Visiting Assistant Professor at the University of Montana.>I have two ways to prove symmetric group is not cyclic if n is more than 2.>1)>Since symmetric group is not abelian (n>2),>and cyclic group is abelian,>so, symmetric group is not cyclic group (n>2)This one is correct (assuming you have proven that S_n is nonabelianwhen n>2).>2)>Since symmetric group is a permutation group of order n!,>and cyclic group only has order n,>so, when n>2, symmetric group is not cyclic.This one is hopelessly wrong. Why could the symmetric group not becyclic of order n!? === Subject: Re: Proof: symmetric group is not cyclicin message <1ju9b.70891$PD3.4740307@nnrp1.uunet.ca>:> I have two ways to prove symmetric group is not cyclic if n is more than> 1)> Since symmetric group is not abelian (n>2),> and cyclic group is abelian,> so, symmetric group is not cyclic group (n>2)Yes, that works, but how do you know the symmetric group S_nisn't abelian for n>2 ? (Hint: You only need to show it for S_3,since that group is a subgroup of every S_n, n>2.)> 2)> Since symmetric group is a permutation group of order n!,> and cyclic group only has order n,> so, when n>2, symmetric group is not cyclic.No. There's a cyclic group of ever order, including n!.-- Jim Heckman === Subject: Map Colouring in RP2It's a long time since I did this so I may have some of these detailswrong but here goes. Part of a course we did at college wasgeneralisations of the 4 colour map theorem. IIRC in the realprojective plane the fewest colours required to colour a map so thatno two countries which share a border are the same colour is six. Wewere shown that six is enough and then we were set the problem offinding a map that required six colours. I found a solution I liked. Iwondered if there were resources on this problem on the web? Is thereanywhere I can see maps in RP2 that require six colours?cheersdd === Subject: Math questions?!If anyone has any advice or tips I would greatly appreciate it!~Hillarie1) A simply supported beam of length 20ft supports a uniformlydistributed load of 1000 pounds per foot. The bending moment M infoot-pounds X feet from one end of the beam is given by M=500X(20-X). a) Determine any points on the beam where the bending moment iszero. b) Determine the positions on the beam where the bendingmoment isless than 40,000 foot-pounds.*for a), I did this: 0=500X(20-X) 0=10,000X-500X 0=9,500X *for b), I did this: M<(500(40))(20-40) M<20,000(-20) M<-400,0002) The equation that gives the height, h, of an object thrown upwardwith an initial velocity of 20 feet/second is h=20t-16t^2with t the number of seconds. After how many seconds will the heightbe 4 feet above the ground?*for this one I solved it like a regular quadratic equation. 3) The total number of dollars spent on recreation in the UnitedStates from 1980 to 1988 can be approximated by the model Spending= 116.289 + 9.5067t + .84145t^2where the spending is measured in ions of dollars and the time trepresents the calendar year with t=0 corresponding to 1980. Use thismodel to predict the year when total recreational spending will reach$300,000,000,000.*for this one I factored it like a regular quadratic equation. === Subject: Re: Math questions?!> 1) A simply supported beam of length 20ft supports a uniformly> distributed load of 1000 pounds per foot. The bending moment M in> foot-pounds X feet from one end of the beam is given by M=500X(20-X).> a) Determine any points on the beam where the bending moment is> zero.> b) Determine the positions on the beam where the bendingmoment is> less than 40,000 foot-pounds.> *for a), I did this: 0=500X(20-X) > 0=10,000X-500X > 0=9,500X That's not right, because 500X(20-X) is 10000 X - 500 X^2> *for b), I did this: M<(500(40))(20-40)> M<20,000(-20)> M<-400,000I am not sure why you did that; this just shows that the bending moment at X=40 is -400000. To do what you need to do, you should start fromM < 40000500 X (20 - X) < 40000and proceed from there> 2) The equation that gives the height, h, of an object thrown upward> with an initial velocity of 20 feet/second is> h=20t-16t^2> with t the number of seconds. After how many seconds will the height> be 4 feet above the ground?> *for this one I solved it like a regular quadratic equation. Sounds good; what did you get?> 3) The total number of dollars spent on recreation in the United> States from 1980 to 1988 can be approximated by the model> Spending= 116.289 + 9.5067t + .84145t^2> where the spending is measured in ions of dollars and the time t> represents the calendar year with t=0 corresponding to 1980. Use this> model to predict the year when total recreational spending will reach> $300,000,000,000.> *for this one I factored it like a regular quadratic equation.Sounds good; what did you get?meeroh-- If this message helped you, consider buying an itemfrom my wish list: If anyone has any advice or tips I would greatly appreciate it!> ~Hillarie> 1) A simply supported beam of length 20ft supports a uniformly> distributed load of 1000 pounds per foot. The bending moment M in> foot-pounds X feet from one end of the beam is given by M=500X(20-X).> a) Determine any points on the beam where the bending moment is> zero.> b) Determine the positions on the beam where the bendingmoment is> less than 40,000 foot-pounds.> *for a), I did this: 0=500X(20-X)> 0=10,000X-500X> 0=9,500XYou did not need to distribute the 500x. By the zero product property, youcan break this up into 500x=0 or 20-x=0. Therefore x=0 or x=20> *for b), I did this: M<(500(40))(20-40)> M<20,000(-20)> M<-400,000In this case, M=40000 so40000=500x(20-x)10000x-500x^2=40000-500x^2+10000x=40000x^2- 200x=-800x^2-200x+800=0Solve that equation for x> 2) The equation that gives the height, h, of an object thrown upward> with an initial velocity of 20 feet/second is> h=20t-16t^2> with t the number of seconds. After how many seconds will the height> be 4 feet above the ground?> *for this one I solved it like a regular quadratic equation.In this case, h=4 so 4=20t-16t^216t^2-20t+4=04t^2-5t+1=0(4t-1)(t-1)=0t=1/4 sec or t=1 sec> 3) The total number of dollars spent on recreation in the United> States from 1980 to 1988 can be approximated by the model> Spending= 116.289 + 9.5067t + .84145t^2> where the spending is measured in ions of dollars and the time t> represents the calendar year with t=0 corresponding to 1980. Use this> model to predict the year when total recreational spending will reach> $300,000,000,000.> *for this one I factored it like a regular quadratic equation.Your spending will be 300, so plug that in, get 0 on one side and then solvefor x.I'd work all the problems out, but I'm tired and am about to hit the sack :)David Moran