mm- Subject: Adventures teaching number theory I¹ve written a few programs in both UBasic and Blassic which may be of interest to students in number theory courses. The programs are available at: http://www.geocities.com/dunric/games.html Users of either UBasic or Blassic may also wish to check out Dark Forest 2, which is a somewhat simpliÞed adventure game written using both programming languages. That game is available freely from: http://www.geocities.com/dunric/dforest.html Common questions to consider are: 1) Given a n number of times, how often does a random number between 1 and 35 have of falling between 5 and 10? 10 and 15? 15 and 25? 2) When a random number is seeded, what is the likelihood that it will fall below 20 or above 25? Below 10 or above 30? 3) Given a random number of n, what is the likelihood of a monster winning during combat? The player winning during combat? Paul Allen Panks dunric@gmail.com panks@sdf.lonestar.org SDF Public Access UNIX System - http://sdf.lonestar.org === Subject: Random number question? How does HLA¹s random number generator differ from traditional BASIC¹s version? I¹ve long based much of my adventure gaming on random numbers, especially during player/monster Þghting. Does seeding a number truly make it random, or only quasi-random? Let¹s say I have a number between 1 and 35. What guarantee do I have that the computer won¹t habitually (or accidentally) pick the same range of numbers twice? Or the same individual number twice? 1 CLEAR 5 CLS : PRINT Random Number test 10 FOR x = 1 TO 10 20 RANDOMIZE TIMER 30 i = INT(RND * 35) + 1 40 PRINT i 45 NEXT x The program was run three separate times, with the following results: Test #1 Random Number test 27 25 17 31 24 18 27 34 23 22 Test #2 Random Number test 32 29 21 35 29 22 32 4 27 27 Test #3 Random Number test 21 18 10 24 17 11 21 28 16 16 Ah oh...the last two tests repeated the last two sets of numbers not once but TWICE! That¹s not good! Now for the same program in HLA: program random; #include (console.hhf); #include (stdlib.hhf); #include (math.hhf); static i:int32:=0; x:int32:=0; begin random; console.cls(); stdout.put(Random number test,nl); start: add(1,x); rand.randomize(); rand.urange(1,35); // pick a random number, 1 through 35 mov(eax,i); // move it into i variable mov(i,eax); // set i to eax value stdout.put(i,nl); if(x<10) then jmp start; endif; end random; The HLA version gives the following 3 results: Test #1 Random number test 29 24 11 19 22 8 27 33 27 28 Test #2 Random number test 19 4 32 30 23 34 24 20 20 30 Test #3 Random number test 35 26 29 17 26 18 33 29 19 1 Some repeats, but not as bad as before. Is there a way to truly limit the number of repeats during a set of random number generation? I can foresee a lot of random numbers in my own mind, but they have to be truly, truly random for the random number generator to be doing a good job. Any ideas as to why both sets of random number generators seem different in functionality? Paul Panks dunric@gmail.com panks@sdf.lonestar.org SDF Public Access UNIX System - http://sdf.lonestar.org === Subject: Re: Random number question? You might want to deÞne your requirements a little more precisely. If RND were a perfect random number generator (generating absolutely independent U(0,1) RV¹s), any pair of numbers generated by your QBasic program would be duplicates with probability 1/36, giving a little less than 25% probability that there will be at least one pair of successive numbers that are duplicates in the sequence of 10 numbers. If you are also concerned about non-consecutive duplicates, that probability would approach 75% in a sequence of 10 from a perfect RNG. If you want to avoid duplicates altogether, you will have to use the generated random numbers to sample without replacement from the candidate values. If your concern is to minimize autocorrelations of various lags, so that the rates of duplicates do not signiÞcantly exceed those of a perfect random number generator, then there is a large literature on random number generation. You might start with http://www-personal.engin.umich.edu/~wagnerr/ MersenneTwister.html http://www.isds.duke.edu/~rlw/marsaglia/cdmake.ps http://lib.stat.cmu.edu/apstat/183 Jerry > How does HLA¹s random number generator differ from traditional BASIC¹s > version? I¹ve long based much of my adventure gaming on random numbers, > especially during player/monster Þghting. Does seeding a number truly > make it random, or only quasi-random? > Let¹s say I have a number between 1 and 35. What guarantee do I have that > the computer won¹t habitually (or accidentally) pick the same range of > numbers twice? Or the same individual number twice? > 1 CLEAR > 5 CLS : PRINT Random Number test > 10 FOR x = 1 TO 10 > 20 RANDOMIZE TIMER > 30 i = INT(RND * 35) + 1 > 40 PRINT i > 45 NEXT x > The program was run three separate times, with the following results: > Test #1 > Random Number test > 27 > 25 > 17 > 31 > 24 > 18 > 27 > 34 > 23 > 22 > Test #2 > Random Number test > 32 > 29 > 21 > 35 > 29 > 22 > 32 > 4 > 27 > 27 > Test #3 > Random Number test > 21 > 18 > 10 > 24 > 17 > 11 > 21 > 28 > 16 > 16 > Ah oh...the last two tests repeated the last two sets of numbers not once > but TWICE! That¹s not good! > Now for the same program in HLA: > program random; > #include (console.hhf); > #include (stdlib.hhf); > #include (math.hhf); > static > i:int32:=0; > x:int32:=0; > begin random; > console.cls(); > stdout.put(Random number test,nl); > start: > add(1,x); > rand.randomize(); > rand.urange(1,35); // pick a random number, 1 through 35 > mov(eax,i); // move it into i variable > mov(i,eax); // set i to eax value > stdout.put(i,nl); > if(x<10) then > jmp start; > endif; > end random; > The HLA version gives the following 3 results: > Test #1 > Random number test > 29 > 24 > 11 > 19 > 22 > 27 > 33 > 27 > 28 > Test #2 > Random number test > 19 > 32 > 30 > 23 > 34 > 24 > 20 > 20 > 30 > Test #3 > Random number test > 35 > 26 > 29 > 17 > 26 > 18 > 33 > 29 > 19 > Some repeats, but not as bad as before. > Is there a way to truly limit the number of repeats during a set of random > number generation? I can foresee a lot of random numbers in my own mind, > but they have to be truly, truly random for the random number generator to > be doing a good job. > Any ideas as to why both sets of random number generators seem different > in functionality? > Paul Panks > dunric@gmail.com === Subject: Re: Question about Simple Taylor Series > In the question below, ^ means to the power of, and gamma is the > complete gamma function (where, for an integer n, gamma(n+1) = n!). > > If a is an integer, then > > e - summation{[for n = a to inÞnity] (x^n)/gamma(n+1)} > > equals > > summation{[for n = 0 to a - 1] (x^n)/gamma(n+1)} > > That¹s an easy enough problem, even for me. However, the case where > a is not an integer is not so easy, for me. Could someone please > stoop to helping me? > > In case it matters, I¹m trying to create better C code for calculating > the standard error function and percentiles corresponding to > chi-squared statistics. > > David Sexton > > Your formulae don¹t look quite right. > > The probability density function for the standard gamma distribution > is exp(-x).x^(a-1)/gamma(a) for x > 0 and a > 0. > > The cumulative density function is obtained by integrating the pdf. > The integral can also be expressed in terms of various summations, > continued fractions, asymptotic expansions... A&S gives some of these > formulae in sections 6 & 26 (see > Which method to use when is the real issue when producing code to > deliver accurate results. > > The chi-squared distribution and the normal distribution can both be > expressed in terms of the gamma distribution. Personally, I use a > specialised function to evaluate the cdf of the normal distribution > and then call this function when evaluating the asymptotic expansion > for the gamma distribution. > > If you want to calculate percentile points then you need to be able to > invert the cdf. I Þnd the easiest way to solve F(x;a)=p is to use > simple Þrst guess methods, based on Normal approximations and the > like, and then solve log(F(x;a))=log(p) using the Newton-Raphson > method. For small p, the logged equation is usually a much more linear > equation than the original F(x;a)=p. > > You are more than welcome to start from the Javascript code in > http://members.aol.com/iandjmsmith/myfunctions.js It can be easily > translated to C - I believe there are even free translators for this > purpose. The code is mainly intended to deliver accurate answers over > a wide range of parameters. It is pretty quick, but could deÞnitely > be made quicker and more compact if that¹s what you mean by better. > > Calculators for the Normal, Chi-squared and the Gamma distributions > calculator examples demonstrate how to call the functions available in > myfunctions.js and the higher level error-handling required. > > > Ian Smith > on this page > http://mathworld.wolfram.com/IncompleteGammaFunction.html > and formulae 6.2.5 and 6.2.7 on page 217 of > http://www.library.cornell.edu/nr/bookcpdf/c6-2.pdf > I get the most accurate results with the MathWorld formula, but it > only works when a (of Gamma(a,x)) is an integer. I was hoping to > Þnd, at least, a similarly accurate formula for all the cases when 2a > is an integer. The Numerical Recipes formulae are fast, but > disappointingly inaccurate when a is large. I am willing to trade > quite a bit of speed for accuracy. > The problem with the NM formulae is the necessity of using logs and > antilogs to deal with the very large numbers involved. There¹s a > simple trick for preventing overþow with the MathWorld formula that > I can¹t use with the NM formulae. > David Sexton The Poisson cumulative distribution function with mean m, can be evaluated using the following equations For i > m and m > 0 Pr(X>=i;m) = cf(i)*Pr(X=i;m) where cf(i) = 1 + cf(i+1)m/(i+1) {Summation Equation } cf(i) = 1 + m/(i-m+1 + m/(i-m+2 + 2m/(i-m+3 + 3m/(i-m+4...) {Continued Fraction Equation due to ???} When i is reasonably large and close to m the continued fraction equation can be used to sum the tail of the distribution (i.e. we use it to evaluate cf(i+x) for some x) and then the summation equation used to Þnd cf(i). For 0 <= i and i <= m Pr(X<=i;m) = cf(i)*Pr(X=i;m) where cf(i) = 1 + cf(i-1)i/m {Summation Equation } cf(i) = 1 + i/(m-i+1 + (i-1)/(m-i+3 + 2(i-2)/(m-i+5 + 3(i-3)/(m-i+7...) {Continued Fraction Equation due to Legendre} When i is reasonably large and close to m the continued fraction equation can be used to sum the tail of the distribution (i.e. we use it to evaluate cf(i-x) for some x) and then the summation equation used to Þnd cf(i). For accurate evaluation of Pr(X=i;m) see http://members.aol.com/iandjmsmith/UseOfLogGamm.htm These formulae can be slow for very large values of m & i. The asymptotic approximation in http://members.aol.com/iandjmsmith/PoissonApprox.htm , produces relative errors of 6e-13 or less when i is >= 21 and m is between 0.7i and 1.3i. Note that for very large values of m & i, the main contributor to error is the cancellation error in the evaluation of m-i. For the Gamma distribution, the other case which is not dealt by the above formulae is where a -> 0 and x < 1. In this case the integral of exp(-x).x^(a-1)/gamma(a) can be evaluated by a Taylor series expansion of exp(-x) followed by term by term integration, giving x^a/gamma(a+1).(1-a(x/(a+1)+x^2/2!/(a+2)-x^3/3!/(a+3...)). We can also evaluate 1 - x^a/gamma(a+1).(1-a(x/(a+1)+x^2/2!/(a+2)-x^3/3!/(a+3...)) accurately via 1- (1+(x^a-1))/(1+(gamma(a+1)-1)).(1-a(x/(a+1)+x^2/2!/(a+2)-x^3/ 3!/(a+3...)). x^a - 1 is just exp(a.log(x))-1 (you will need a special function to evaluate exp(x)-1 accurately) and gamma(a+1) - 1 can be evaluated accurately via Abramowitz & Stegun¹s series 6.1.33. Ian Smith === I am looking for algorithm to generate random packing of spherical Something like this: http://www.che.utexas.edu/~truskett/images/packed_spheres.jpg === > I am looking for algorithm to generate random packing of spherical > Something like this: > http://www.che.utexas.edu/~truskett/images/packed_spheres.jpg Search Google for sphere packing problem. You will get lots of hits, for example: http://mathworld.wolfram.com/SpherePacking.html. Good luck, OUP === > I am looking for algorithm to generate random packing of spherical > > Something like this: > http://www.che.utexas.edu/~truskett/images/packed_spheres.jpg > > Search Google for sphere packing problem. You will get lots of hits, > for example: > http://mathworld.wolfram.com/SpherePacking.html. > Good luck, > OUP http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ is a gold mine of information. But I still have not Þnd workable program for it. Maybe some one could point me directly to program generated coordinates of the spheres. 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ktbuk > rene ktbuk > brilliant ktbuk > contacted ktbuk > internet ktbuk > showthread ktbuk > phillipk@computer.org ktbuk > criminal ktbuk > worldvillage ktbuk > golly ktbuk > bellsouth ktbuk > putting ktbuk > activit ktbuk > begginer ktbuk > jobs ktbuk > securing ktbuk > antichildporn ktbuk > stamina@usa.net ktbuk > udo.hilker@t ktbuk > defendent ktbuk > whithout ktbuk > hmmmm ktbuk > psychicmedium ktbuk > skeet ktbuk > variant ktbuk > mala ktbuk > forumsmachine ktbuk > engage ktbuk > inet ktbuk > wclistserve ktbuk > football ktbuk > service ktbuk > occurance ktbuk > myfreehost ktbuk > getmoneya ktbuk > infos ktbuk > suspicions ktbuk > loosing ktbuk > eugene ktbuk > software ktbuk > lost ktbuk === Subject: Evaluating an inÞnite series by support1.mathforum.org (8.11.6/8.11.6/The Math Forum, $Revision: 1.9 primary) id i5MBteQ20620; to Þnd this sum: Inf. Sum 1/[(3k-2)^2] = ? k=1 Any help would be appreciated! === Subject: Re: Evaluating an inÞnite series > to Þnd this sum: > Inf. > Sum 1/[(3k-2)^2] = ? > k=1 > Any help would be appreciated! To evaluate Sum{k=0 to infty}{f(k)} by residues, look at the contour integral oint{ dz f(z) cot(z) } on the circle of radius R = N + 1/2 . You see that this will give you (up to trivial factors) twice the sum you want, plus the residue at z=0 and at any poles of f(z). This, of course, has to equal the actual integral on the contour. I leave it to you as a HW problem to show that the integral on the circle shown (which goes through none of the poles) vanishes in the limit N to infty . BTW, this is all found in standard books on functions of a complex variable, such as Copson or Whittaker & Watson, as well as in many books on mathematical methods of physics. I am thinking in particular of Riley, et al. Julian V. Noble Professor Emeritus of Physics jvn@lessspamformother.virginia.edu ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/~jvn/ For there was never yet philosopher that could endure the toothache patiently. -- Wm. Shakespeare, Much Ado about Nothing. Act v. Sc. 1. === Subject: Re: Evaluating an inÞnite series > to Þnd this sum: > Inf. > Sum 1/[(3k-2)^2] = ? > k=1 > Any help would be appreciated! > To evaluate Sum{k=0 to infty}{f(k)} by residues, look at the > contour integral > oint{ dz f(z) cot(z) } > on the circle of radius R = N + 1/2 . > You see that this will give you (up to trivial factors) > twice the sum you want, plus the residue at z=0 and at any > poles of f(z). This, of course, has to equal the actual integral > on the contour. > I leave it to you as a HW problem to show that the integral > on the circle shown (which goes through none of the poles) > vanishes in the limit N to infty . > BTW, this is all found in standard books on functions of a complex > variable, such as Copson or Whittaker & Watson, as well as in many > books on mathematical methods of physics. I am thinking in particular > of Riley, et al. Oops-- two corrections: 1. Integrate oint{ dz f(z) cot(z pi) } around |z| = N + 1/2 ^^^ 2. The result will give you the sums sum{k=1 to N} left( { f(k) + f(-k) } right) one of which is the sum you want and the other is one you have to evaluate by a trick. But anyway, you get the general idea. Julian V. Noble Professor Emeritus of Physics jvn@lessspamformother.virginia.edu ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/~jvn/ For there was never yet philosopher that could endure the toothache patiently. -- Wm. Shakespeare, Much Ado about Nothing. Act v. Sc. 1. === Subject: Covariance by support1.mathforum.org (8.11.6/8.11.6/The Math Forum, $Revision: 1.9 primary) id i5MBtgn20700; I am reading this paper on Concurrent Mapping and localisation and one of the portion covers the its state covariance matrix as below. Lets say P be covariance, so Pab is Covariance matrix between variables a and b. a is a variable of 3 dimensions, b is of 2 dimensions. Eg: a(1,2,3),b(1,2) So Paa and Pbb are actually 3x3 and 2x2 matrices respectively. I can retrieve Paa and Pbb based on my dataset. Now i wish to Þnd P, which is of the following 5x5 matrix. Paa Pab transpose(Pab) Pbb is there a way to derive Pab (3x2) from Paa and Pbb itself? Or is there supposed to be another way? rdgs, jax === Subject: Derivative of Psi (Digamma) Function by support1.mathforum.org (8.11.6/8.11.6/The Math Forum, $Revision: 1.9 primary) id i5MBtfN20625; In trying to Þnd a way to evaluate the series on My last post, Inf. Sum 1/[(3k-2)^2] = 1 + 1/(4^2) + 1/(7^2) + ... = ? k=1 Another good samaritan told Me that Mathematica gives the answer as 1/9*(Polygamma(1,1/3)), but I would like to have the answer in simpler functions, similar to how Polygamma(0,a/b) can be written using Gauss¹s Digamma Theorem-- So, is it possible to get the Þrst derivative of Digamma, (which would be Polygamma(1,a/b)) by taking the derivative of Gauss¹s Equation, and using that expression to get a formula in terms of trig, log, etc. for the series above? === Subject: who is the authority in meshless Þeld? i am a freshman === Subject: Re: Estimating the condition of an upper triangular matrix >> given a small (10 times 10) matrix in upper triangular form I am >seeking >> an >> algorithm to estimate the condition (i.e. the ratio of the largest and >> smallest singular value) of that matrix. I want to avoid any kind of >> overestimation. What is the state of the art on that Þeld? >> cheers >> Thomas >> The eigenvalues of a triangular matrix are just the diagonal elements >> themselves. Is this what you have? >> If so, the condition number is just the ratio of the largest eigenvalue >to >> the smallest eigenvalue. >> I *think* that¹s true anyway! >> Mike >I agree, indeed I thought I was missing something in the post. Anyways >isn¹t the ratio a measure of the stiffness of the matrix? Condition wrt to >inversion or exponentiation might not be given by the ratio. >-- >Ciao, >Gerry T. no, this is unfortunately false. condition number relative to a norm is norm(A)*norm(inverse(A)) and if you take norm=euclidean norm this is sqrt(maxeigenvalue of transpose(A)*A/min eigenvalue of transpose(A)*A) and hence is not easily obtained for triangular A. Indeed, you can have an arbitrarily illconditioned R with all eigenvalues =1 hth peter === Subject: Re: Estimating the condition of an upper triangular matrix Peter Spellucci message >> given a small (10 times 10) matrix in upper triangular form I am >seeking >> an >> algorithm to estimate the condition (i.e. the ratio of the largest and >> smallest singular value) of that matrix. I want to avoid any kind of >> overestimation. What is the state of the art on that Þeld? >> cheers >> Thomas >> The eigenvalues of a triangular matrix are just the diagonal elements >> themselves. Is this what you have? >> If so, the condition number is just the ratio of the largest eigenvalue >to >> the smallest eigenvalue. >> I *think* that¹s true anyway! >> Mike >I agree, indeed I thought I was missing something in the post. Anyways >isn¹t the ratio a measure of the stiffness of the matrix? Condition wrt to >inversion or exponentiation might not be given by the ratio. >-- >Ciao, >Gerry T. > no, this is unfortunately false. condition number relative to a norm is > norm(A)*norm(inverse(A)) and if you take norm=euclidean norm this is > sqrt(maxeigenvalue of transpose(A)*A/min eigenvalue of transpose(A)*A) > and hence is not easily obtained for triangular A. Indeed, you can have > an arbitrarily illconditioned R with all eigenvalues =1 > hth > peter Peter, There are some ambiguities in your post. First, as Mike pointed out, the eigenvalues of a triangular matrix are its diagonal entries, no calculations required. If you are saying that the max eigenvalue/min eigenvalue is not the condition wrt inversion as intimated by Mike then I agree. As I remarked, that ratio is a measure of the stiffness of the triangular matrix and it is not the condition number wrt inversion. Second, the condition number is not necessarily wrt inversion. As I remarked, the OP might have meant condition wrt exponentiation in which case again the max eigenvalue/min eigenvalue is not the condition number which is given in some norm as the Fretchet derivative of the matrix. HTH, Gerry T. === Subject: Question on Tutte Polynomial (planar 3-connected graphs) Originator: bergv@math.uiuc.edu (Maarten Bergvelt) literature about the Tutte polynomial of single-component three-connected planar simple graphs. SpeciÞcally, if there are two such non-isomorphic graphs with identical vertex count, edge count, and Tutte polynomial, though I am interested in other results as well. Ralph Furmaniak rfurmani@math uwaterloo ca === Subject: Re: This is NOT naive bayes rule. How to interpret it reasonably? Originator: bergv@math.uiuc.edu (Maarten Bergvelt) >I know the naive bayes rule is >P(A,B | C) -> P(A|C)*P(B|C). It may be naive, but what does it have to do with Bayes? When it¹s an equality, it means that A and B are conditionally independent given C. >I used -> instead of = to emphasize it is just an approximation. >Similarly, >P(A|B,C) -> P(A|B) * P(A|C) >does NOT work too bad under some circumstances, as it is in some >sense doing something like averaging, as this one: >P(A|B,C) -> 0.5 (P(A|B) + P(A|C)) >I would like to Þgure out if there has been any research on P(A|B,C) >-> P(A|B) * P(A|C) ? In what sense is it a reasonable rule? This makes no sense at all to me. For example, if A, B and C are independent it says P(A) -> P(A)^2. Well, it¹s reasonable if P(A) is 0 or 1, but that¹s about it. Robert Israel israel@math.ubc.ca Department of Mathematics http://www.math.ubc.ca/~israel University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z2 === Subject: Re: This is NOT naive bayes rule. How to interpret it reasonably? Originator: bergv@math.uiuc.edu (Maarten Bergvelt) >I know the naive bayes rule is >P(A,B | C) -> P(A|C)*P(B|C). > It may be naive, but what does it have to do with Bayes? > When it¹s an equality, it means that A and B are conditionally > independent given C. >I used -> instead of = to emphasize it is just an approximation. >Similarly, >P(A|B,C) -> P(A|B) * P(A|C) >does NOT work too bad under some circumstances, as it is in some >sense doing something like averaging, as this one: >P(A|B,C) -> 0.5 (P(A|B) + P(A|C)) >I would like to Þgure out if there has been any research on P(A|B,C) >-> P(A|B) * P(A|C) ? In what sense is it a reasonable rule? > This makes no sense at all to me. For example, if A, B and C are > independent it says P(A) -> P(A)^2. Well, it¹s reasonable if P(A) > is 0 or 1, but that¹s about it. > Robert Israel israel@math.ubc.ca > Department of Mathematics http://www.math.ubc.ca/~israel > University of British Columbia > Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z2 I found that, instead of that ungrounded conjecture P(A | B,C) ~= P(A | B) * P(A | C), we can get something similar by real derivation: P(A | B,C) = P(A | B) * P(A | C) / P(A) where two assumptions are used: one is that B,C are independent, the other one is B,C are conditionally independent given A. Here is the derivation, please correct me if I am wrong: P(A | B,C) = NOMINATOR / DENOMINATOR, where NOMINATOR = P( B,C | A) * P(A) ~= P(B | A) * P(C | A) * P(A) = P(A | B)P(B) * P(A | C)P(C) / P(A) DENOMIATOR = P(B,C) ~= P(B) * P(C) HENCE P(A | B,C) = P(A | B) * P(A | C) / P(A) I¹m interested in knowing if this derivation has any important implications? It looks a little bit similar to the conditional independence rule P(A,B|C) = P(A|C)*P(B|C), but it isn¹t. === Subject: Re: bounding rational points on Curves Originator: bergv@math.uiuc.edu (Maarten Bergvelt) > Is there a generalized Mordell-Conjecture?? > in the following sense: > Let K be a number Þeld and let C/K be a curve of genus g>1. Denote by > Iso(C) the set of curves C¹ deÞned over K such that C is isomorphic > to C¹ over bar{K}. Exists there a bound N such that > #C¹(K) < N for all C¹ in Iso(C) ??? I doubt this is known, even for twist families of curves of the form C_a : ay^n = f(x), where f(x) is Þxed and a varies in K^* (mod n¹th powers). In the characteristic 0 function case, there is a bound for #C_a(K) for twists of this sort in terms of the rank of the Jacobian of C_a, but probably(?) the rank of J_a(K) is unbounded as a varies. On the other hand, if you¹re willing to accept a conjecture of Bombieri and Lang, B-L Conjecture: K-rational points on a variety of general type cannot be Zariski dense, then Caporaso, Harris, and Mazur proved something much stronger than what you are asking. They prove that if the B-L conjecture is true, then there is a constant N = N(K,g) so that for every (smooth projective) curve C/K of genus g, one has the bound #C(K) < N(K,g). Since all of the curves in your Iso(C) have the same genus, the result you want is a very special case. BTW, there are many things that one might call generalized Mordell conjectures. A better name for your type of question is a uniform quantitative Mordell conjecture, since you want uniformity in the parameter, and you¹re looking at quantitative results (bounds for number of points) as opposed to effective results (bounds for the height of points). JS === Subject: Re; Question on Tutte Polynomial (planar 3-connected graphs) Originator: bergv@math.uiuc.edu (Maarten Bergvelt) I should also specify that I am refering to pairs of graphs that are not dual to each other. -- Ralph Furmaniak === Subject: Paper published by Algebraic and Geometric Topology Originator: bergv@math.uiuc.edu (Maarten Bergvelt) The following paper has been published: Algebraic and Geometric Topology URL: http://www.maths.warwick.ac.uk/agt/AGTVol4/agt-4-22.abs.html Title: Embeddings of graph braid and surface groups in right-angled Artin groups and braid groups Author(s): John Crisp, Bert Wiest Abstract: We prove by explicit construction that graph braid groups and most surface groups can be embedded in a natural way in right-angled Artin groups, and we point out some consequences of these embedding results. We also show that every right-angled Artin group can be embedded in a pure surface braid group. On the other hand, by generalising to right-angled Artin groups a result of Lyndon for free groups, we show that the Euler characteristic -1 surface group (given by the relation x^2y^2=z^2) never embeds in a right-angled Artin group. Secondary: 05C25 Keywords: Cubed complex, graph braid group, graph group, right-angled Artin group, conÞguration space Author(s) address(es): Institut de Mathematiques de Bourgogne (IMB), UMR 5584 du CNRS Universite de Bourgogne, 9 avenue Alain Savary, B.P. 47870 21078 Dijon cedex, France and IRMAR, UMR 6625 du CNRS, Campus de Beaulieu, Universite de Rennes 1 35042 Rennes, France Email: jcrisp@u-bourgogne.fr, bertold.wiest@math.univ-rennes1.fr === Subject: crystographic root systems Originator: bergv@math.uiuc.edu (Maarten Bergvelt) Hi everybody, Given is a irreducible (Þnite) crystographic root systems (V,R,S), with $V$ a Euclidean vector space containing R, S a choice of simple roots, $Theta$ THE longest highest root, and v and regular element in V. Now the assertion I am not able to prove in a uniform manner is the following: if s and t are elements of the Weylgroup W of R, and s(v) - t(v) is a real multiple of $Theta$, then s = t or t = s_{Theta} s, whereby s_{Theta} the (orthogonal) reþection in the mirror given by the orthogonal complement given by $Theta$. With some easy calculations, i have been able to prove it for each classical root systems A,B,C and D seperately. For easthetical reasons, I think there must be a uniform proof. I would appreciate if respondends also send a copy to my mail acount: brokensymmetrie at yahoo dot com. Broken Symmetrie === Subject: Re: crystographic root systems Originator: bergv@math.uiuc.edu (Maarten Bergvelt) > Hi everybody, > Given is a irreducible (Þnite) crystographic root systems (V,R,S), > with $V$ a Euclidean vector space containing R, S > a choice of simple roots, $Theta$ THE longest highest root, > and v and regular element in V. Now the assertion I am not > able to prove in a uniform manner is the following: > if s and t are elements of the Weylgroup W of R, and > s(v) - t(v) is a real multiple of $Theta$, then s = t > or t = s_{Theta} s, whereby s_{Theta} the (orthogonal) > reþection in the mirror given by the orthogonal complement > given by $Theta$. If s(v)=t(v), then s=t by regularity of v. If not, look at the (afÞne) line through s(v) and t(v). By assumption, this line is perpendicular to the hyperplane of Þxed points of the reþection s_Theta, so s_Theta(s(v)) also lies on this line. But these three points are at the same distance from the origin, so two of them must coincide, i.e. either s_Theta(s(v))=s(v) or s_Theta(s(v))=t(v). By regularity again, this implies s_Theta s=s or s_Theta s=t, the former being obviously impossible. Christian Ohn e-mail: Þrstname dot lastname at univ hyphen valenciennes dot fr === Subject: Re: A Repunit Observation Originator: bergv@math.uiuc.edu (Maarten Bergvelt) apologies for my question about the asymptotic formula. With a bit more hunting around, I found the following equation (13) on http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PrimeFormulas.html p_n ~ n (ln n + ln ln n -1 + (ln ln n - 2)/ln n - (ln^2 (ln n) - 6ln ln n + 11)/(2ln^2 n) + ...). It is due to Cipolla, Cipolla, M. La determinazione assintotica dell¹ numero primo. Napoli Rend. 3, 132-166, 1902 and is the inverse of li(x) obtained by series reversion. I hope that this info is of interest. > I wish to thank-you for your counter-example. I failed to include the > condition that that n should be greater than 5 in A REPUNIT > OBSERVATION. > Dennis > dennismkulvicki@starday.org >>Let Rn denote the repunit of n digits, DeÞne s(n) as the sum of the >>exponents of the prime factors of Rn. Consider the following REPUNIT >>OBSERVATION: If s(n)is equal to less than 3, then n is prime. >The prime factorization of R4 = 1111 is 11^1 * 101^1 so s(4) = 2 < 3, >but 4 is not prime. >This may be the only (base 10) exception, however. If n is divisible > by >p, then Rn is divisible by Rp. Moreover, R(pq) > R(p) R(q) for > p,q>1. >So s(n) >= 3 whenever n has at least two distinct prime factors >or is a k¹th power for k >= 3. Thus the only possible exceptions >to your observation are when n is the square of a prime. >Now for n = p^2, Rn/Rp is a number of p^2 - p + 1 digits. In order > for >s(n) < 3 we would need this to be prime. Although it may have no >obvious prime factors, heuristically the probability that a number of >this size is prime is on the order of 1/p^2. And since >sum_{p prime} 1/p^2 is Þnite, we might expect that there are only >Þnitely many cases where R(p^2)/Rp is prime. >Here are some other counterexamples in other bases: >base n > 2 2^2, 3^2, 7^2 > 3 3^2 > 4 2^2 > 5 7^2 > 6 2^2 > 8 3^2 >16 2^2 >20 3^2 >Robert Israel israel@math.ubc.ca >Department of Mathematics href=http://www.math.ubc.ca/~israel>http://www.math.ubc.ca/~ israel >University of British Columbia >Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z2 === Subject: Re: Are there better explicit bounds on the nth prime than Rosser¹s? Originator: bergv@math.uiuc.edu (Maarten Bergvelt) hi, just took a look at Massias and Robin¹s paper. They have the bound p_k leq k(ln k + ln ln k - 1 + (ln ln k-1.8)/ln k). Furthermore, I just did some computing and it seems that the 1.8 can be replaced by something like 2.04 for k sufÞciently large (note that is just an observation, no claims to have proofs here). Anyone have an idea what this term should really be? Maybe 2+o(1)? Can we derive it from the Prime Number theorem? Not the explicit upper bound itself, but maybe an asymptotic version? What about the next term? What should that look like? > > I¹m looking for good bounds on the nth prime, and the theta function > stuff, but since it¹s from 1941, there might be some improvements... > functions, please do share them with me. What I really am looking for is an upper bound for the theta function > below e^95, which Rosser doesn¹t give (he does give something, but it > has a restriction that isn¹t good for me...). The lower bound he gives > is great, and so are the those for the nth prime. > Dror Speiser > > Rosser¹s 1941 paper > > J. B. Rosser, Explicit bounds for some functions of prime numbers, > Amer. J. Math. 63 (1941), 211--232. > > have been improved in > > J. B. Rosser and L. Schoenfeld, Sharper bounds for the Chebyshev > functions Theta(X) and Psi(X) , Math. Comp. 29 (1975), 243--269. > and > L. Schoenfeld, Sharper bounds for the Chebyshev functions Theta(X) > and Psi(X). II, Math. Comp. 30 (1976), 337--360 > > (see http://www.ams.org/mcom/1996-65-213/S0025-5718-96-00669-2/ home.html > ) > > The best? currently known lower bound for P_n might be > > Dusart, P. The k_th Prime is Greater than k(ln k + ln ln k - 1) for k >= 2. Math. Comput. 68, 411-415, 1999. > (see http://mathworld.wolfram.com/RossersTheorem.html ) > > Hugo Pfoertner > More information on this problem was given by Peter Luschny and Hermann > Kremer in a thread in the (German) newsgroup de.sci.mathematik, see > Peter Luschny noted: > Die obere Schranke p_k <= k(ln(k)+ln(ln(k))) > Þndet sich bei Rosser und Schoenfeld, der Beweis scheint > aber nicht einwandfrei zu sein, ist aber sp.8atestens > seit Massias und Robin gesichert. > freely translated > An upper bound p_k <= k(ln(k)+ln(ln(k))) > The remaining doubts were resolved by Massias and Robin. > ( J.-P. MASSIAS & G. ROBIN, Bornes effectives pour certaines > fonctions concernant les nombres premiers, Journal de Th.8eorie > des Nombres de Bordeaux 8 (1996), 215-242. MR 97g:11099 ) > Hugo === Subject: Can one foliate 3-space with skew lines? X-mailer: epigone Epigone-thread: streefrorzhem Originator: bergv@math.uiuc.edu (Maarten Bergvelt) Can one foliate space with straight lines that are pairwise skew? Rich Peterson CSU Sacramento === Subject: Re: Can one foliate 3-space with skew lines? Originator: bergv@math.uiuc.edu (Maarten Bergvelt) >Can one foliate space with straight lines that are pairwise skew? It looks to me offhand like this works, but I can¹t Þnd any more scrap paper to check. Begin by exhausting 3-space by the pairwise disjoint sets H(A) = {(x,y,z): x^2+y^2=A^2(1+z^2)}, for A greater than or equal to 0. H(0) is the z-axis, and for A greater than 0, H(A) is a hyperboloid of one sheet, and thus a ruled surface, foliated (in two ways) by straight lines that are pairwise skew. I *think* that it¹s both clear and true that for A not equal to B, each generator of the ruling on H(A) is skew to each generator of the ruling on H(B). Then choosing the rulings consistently, I think you get the desired foliation of 3-space. Lee Rudolph === Subject: Re: Can one foliate 3-space with skew lines? Originator: bergv@math.uiuc.edu (Maarten Bergvelt) >>Can one foliate space with straight lines that are pairwise skew? > It looks to me offhand like this works, but I can¹t Þnd any > more scrap paper to check. Begin by exhausting 3-space by > the pairwise disjoint sets H(A) = {(x,y,z): x^2+y^2=A^2(1+z^2)}, > for A greater than or equal to 0. H(0) is the z-axis, and > for A greater than 0, H(A) is a hyperboloid of one sheet, > and thus a ruled surface, foliated (in two ways) by straight > lines that are pairwise skew. I *think* that it¹s both > clear and true that for A not equal to B, each generator > of the ruling on H(A) is skew to each generator of the > ruling on H(B). Then choosing the rulings consistently, > I think you get the desired foliation of 3-space. It works! -- Here¹s an explicit parametrization: To any point (x,y,0) in the plane associate the line t |--> (x-t*y, y+ t*x, t) in three-space. These lines are pairwise skew and reach every point in three-space. === Subject: Welcome to sci.math.research Originator: edgar@math.ohio-state.edu (Gerald Edgar) Welcome to sci.math.research, a moderated newsgroup. The charter ----------- CHARTER: This newsgroup is a forum for the discussion of current mathematical research. Additional hints about suitability of materials ----------------------------------------------- We understand mathematical research to be an exploration of mathematics whose goal is the establishment of new mathematical facts, previously unknown to the mathematical community. 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Then can we say that there exists a > non-singular ( invertible ) n x n matrix R such that the Þrst row of > R(A_i)R¹ is e_(i+1) for all i =1,2,. (n-1) ??? where > 1) e_i is a vector in R^n with i th component being 1 and rest are > zero. > 2) R¹ denotes the transpose of R. No. Take for instance n = 8. Let A_1 be invertible, say ( 0 I) (-I 0). Its rows already span R^8. Now we can Þnd six linearly independent 4 x 4 skew matrices, say B_2, ..., B_7. For i = 2, ..., 7, deÞne A_i to be (B_i 0) ( 0 0). Clearly A_1 is not in their span, so these seven are linearly independent. But for any R the matrices R(A_2), ..., (RA_7) will have their last 4 columns equal to 0. In particular, the Þrst rows of these six matrices will have to be linearly dependent. And any dependence relation on them will remain true on the Þrst rows of the products R(A_2)R¹, ..., R(A_7)R¹. William C. Waterhouse PEnn State === Subject: Converting table output and plotting I have the following equation: Table[{v, NSolve[{i == v/r2 + i1, i1==i1(r1+r2)/r2 + a/r2*Log[i1/io + 1] - v/r2} /. {r2 -> 200, r1 -> .025, io -> 10^-9, a -> .05}, {i, i1}]},{v, 1, 1.2, .1}]//ColumnForm OUTPUT IS: {1, {{i->.402, i1->.397}}} {1.1{{i->1.611,i1->1.60}}} {1.2,{{i->3.86, i1->3.85}}} The Þrst terms 1, 1.1,1.2 are Voltage (v) and the second term is Current (i), the third term is Current1 (i1). My objective is to vary my equation above and then create the output in such a form that I can directly plot v vs. i, that is 1st term vs. 2nd term. Unfortunately, I don¹t know how to do this since the outputs in the table aren¹t as I like. Note: My original approach was to write the transcendental equation in a single form whereby, NSolve[ i == function (v, i) ] Unfortunately, Mathematica seems to choke on this one. By calculating an additional (uninteresting) value (namely, v1), it gives me the output I¹m looking for. Again, except that I don¹t know how to convert this into a set of numbers that I can plot. Hopefully this makes sense. Any help would be greatly appreciated. Vince === Subject: Re: Converting table output and plotting > I have the following equation: > > Table[{v, NSolve[{i == v/r2 + i1, i1==i1(r1+r2)/r2 + a/r2*Log[i1/io + > 1] - v/r2} /. {r2 -> 200, r1 -> .025, io -> 10^-9, a -> .05}, {i, > i1}]},{v, 1, 1.2, .1}]//ColumnForm > > > OUTPUT IS: > > {1, {{i->.402, i1->.397}}} > {1.1{{i->1.611,i1->1.60}}} > {1.2,{{i->3.86, i1->3.85}}} > > > The Þrst terms 1, 1.1,1.2 are Voltage (v) and the second term is > Current (i), the third term is Current1 (i1). > > My objective is to vary my equation above and then create the output > in such a form that I can directly plot v vs. i, that is 1st term > vs. 2nd term. Unfortunately, I don¹t know how to do this since the > outputs in the table aren¹t as I like. > > Note: My original approach was to write the transcendental equation in > a single form whereby, NSolve[ i == function (v, i) ] Unfortunately, > Mathematica seems to choke on this one. By calculating an additional > (uninteresting) value (namely, v1), it gives me the output I¹m looking > for. Again, except that I don¹t know how to convert this into a set of > numbers that I can plot. > > Hopefully this makes sense. Any help would be greatly appreciated. > Vince What you want is to invoke a replacement rule in order to convert the sets of rules to values. This is addressed in several notes to comp.soft-sys.math.mathematica as well as in the note below. http://support.wolfram.com/mathematica/kernel/features/ usingrulesolutions.ht ml As for the solver method used above, I would instead recommend FindRoot. For one, you really do not have control over how Solve (and NSolve) will form polynomials from your input, use inverse functions, react to branch cuts, etc. For another, FindRoot will use methods better suited to Þnding one root fast, rather than methods appropriate to Þnding all solutions to a (possibly high degree) polynomial system. One way to code the whole thing is as below. Note that I use start values for FindRoot that happen to work below, but in general one might need to give that aspect more thought. current[v_, r1_, r2_, io_, a_] := Module[{i,i1}, i /. FindRoot[{i == v/r2 + i1, i1 == i1*(r1+r2)/r2 + a/r2*Log[i1/io + 1] - v/r2}, {i,1}, {i1,1}] ] For example: In[40]:= current[1, .025, 200, 10^(-9), .05] Out[40]= 0.402681 In[41]:= current[1.76,.025,200,10^(-9),.05] Out[41]= 22.7168 If you want to Þx the parameter values and only do a modest number of evaluations to create an approximation function over some range you could do as follows. currentfunc = Interpolation[Table[{v,current[v,.025,200,10^(-9),.05]}, {v,1,2,1/10}], InterpolationOrder->5]; We¹ll test at one point (not a node in the interpolation) that we get good agreement between these. In[52]:= InputForm[{current[1.76,.025,200,10^(-9),.05], currentfunc[1.76]}] Out[52]//InputForm= {22.716831023032384, 22.7168419297376} It¹s not quite so good near the beginning. In[53]:= InputForm[{current[1.04,.025,200,10^(-9),.05], currentfunc[1.04]}] Out[53]//InputForm= {0.7494431878242906, 0.7322606923864048} But still the behavior is reasonable, and if need be you could home in with more interpolation points in that region. To plot you could do Plot[current[v,.025,200,10^(-9),.05], {v,1,2}] or Plot[currentfunc[v], {v,1,2}] Daniel Lichtblau Wolfram Research === Subject: Re: roots of polynomials bassam@ahu.edu.jo.or.karzeddin@yahoo.co.uk (bassam mizied karzeddin) >Þnd out one real root for the following uneven degree equation: >f(x)=x^n+ax^m+b=0 >n is uneven positive integer >m is positive integer less than n >f(x) is a rational integeral function of x >(a&b) are real rational cooefÞcients > REPLY: > DEAR ORGANIZER > I found one real root for the case (a=b=1)& m is uneven positive > integer,here is the solution: > x=-{1-1/n+(2m-n+1)/(2!n^2)-(3m-2n+1)(3m-n+1)/(3!n^3) > +(4m-3n+1)(4m-2n+1)(4m-n+1)/(4!n^4) > -(5m-4n+1)(5m-3n+1)(5m-2n+1)(5m-n+1)/(5!n^5)+...} > In fact, the proof of this (above mentioned equation )is too lengthy > and it was part of my interest for so many years. > The complete solutions for all cases are also obtainable. > I dont know if i could convey this properly. See http://mathworld.wolfram.com/QuinticEquation.html. Here series expansion is used to obtain closed form solutions for the Bring quintic form, x^5 + a x + b in terms of hypergeometric functions in one variable. This technique yields solutions in closed form for any polynomial equation which can be written in the form x^n+ax^m+b. The method dates back to the 1860s ... Paul Paul Abbott Phone: +61 8 9380 2734 School of Physics, M013 Fax: +61 8 9380 1014 The University of Western Australia (CRICOS Provider No 00126G) 35 Stirling Highway Crawley WA 6009 mailto:paul@physics.uwa.edu.au AUSTRALIA http://physics.uwa.edu.au/~paul === Subject: Re: power of triangle by support1.mathforum.org (8.11.6/8.11.6/The Math Forum, $Revision: 1.9 primary) id i5TC3di25265; >I would like to know the answer for the following question: >Given a triangle of three diffrent sides,were : >L denotes the large side >M denotes the middle side >S denotes the small side >There is a single power call it Z such that >L^z=M^z+S^z >Are there,any expressions(in radicals or series form) for Z ? >Do that satisfy (z=2)when the angle between(s&m)is 90 degree or : >(z=1)when the angle between (s&m)is 180 degree dear news groub dear tarawna do you mean that every certain angle has a uniqe power valu? is that related to fermate last theorm? are the sides of triangle of complex ,real, rational or integeral length? is it neccesary that( S,M,L) form a triangle? why sides of triangle are not equal? are there any related topics? i have tried out some numerical examples,and fond that always there is a single power value that seems to be irrational!& grater than one. thank you. === Subject: Re: Maxima on Zaurus, CAS on palm > One of the nice parts about Macsyma is the modularity. > On the PDP-10 where it was developed in MacLisp, > there was a decent sized kernel that was loaded. > Additional packages, such as for SOLVE, INTEGRATE, > etc. would load up as required. Can you implement > such a method for the Palm? Slightly off-topic... GCL (Gnu Common Lisp) which underlies Maxima (and Axiom) runs on the Sharp Zaurus, a palm-like handheld. If you want a portable Maxima the Zaurus will Þt the bill. If you want a CAS on your palm try Yacas. === Subject: Is it safe to buy mathematica? Is it safe to buy mathematica from somebody on the internet? I understand that it is idividually licensed. Could you get into trouble, ie, not be able to use it, even if you bought an unopened box from somebody? BTW does mathematica for various OS¹s come on different CD¹s or they put eevrything on one cd and your computer picks out the right version? === Subject: Re: Is it safe to buy mathematica? > Is it safe to buy mathematica from somebody on the internet? I > understand that it is idividually licensed. Could you get into trouble, > ie, not be able to use it, even if you bought an unopened box from > somebody? > BTW does mathematica for various OS¹s come on different CD¹s or > they put eevrything on one cd and your computer picks out the right > version? My box had sets of separate CDs for the various distributions. CD1-Mac OS, Mac OS X CD2-Linux (PC, Alpha, PowerPC) CD3-Windows The CDs aren¹t numbered as such, and I don¹t think you can run them concurrently. You need to call up Wolfram Research and ask, especially since the version of the license in the box you want to buy may not apply to you in which case I don¹t think they would give you the activator code. You need to call them Þrst, before you plop any money down. Greysky === Subject: Re: Is it safe to buy mathematica? > My box had sets of separate CDs for the various distributions. > CD1-Mac OS, Mac OS X > CD2-Linux (PC, Alpha, PowerPC) > CD3-Windows > The CDs aren¹t numbered as such, and I don¹t think you can run them > concurrently. You need to call up Wolfram Research and ask, especially since > the version of the license in the box you want to buy may not apply to you > in which case I don¹t think they would give you the activator code. You need > to call them Þrst, before you plop any money down. === Subject: Re: Is it safe to buy mathematica? > Is it safe to buy mathematica from somebody on the internet? I > understand that it is i[n]dividually licensed. Could you get into trouble, > ie, not be able to use it, even if you bought an unopened box from > somebody? > BTW does mathematica for various OS¹s come on different CD¹s or > they put eevrything on one cd and your computer picks out the right > version? No Brainer--Check with Mathermatica about transfer... === Subject: Re: Is it safe to buy mathematica? > No Brainer--Check with Mathermatica about transfer... The ad says it is a sealed box, so never been registered. === Subject: Re: Is it safe to buy mathematica? > No Brainer--Check with Mathematica about transfer... > The ad says it is a sealed box, so never been registered. Looks like a go... === Subject: Re: software for MDS cluster analysis This is certainly jumping right into the deep end of the pool! Especially since this is your Þrst time to use a package, and assuming that your time is the most expensive cost component, I suggest you take a look at SPSS. It has both MDS including INDSCAL and cluster analysis. If you are at a college or university the chances are they already have it available. You can also get a 30 day trial from SPSS. For quality assurance purposes you are usually better off entering the raw data verifying it, then letting the software do the transformations. Are you sure you just want to scale the common (pooled, aggregated) matrix and ignore all individual differences. Art Art@DrKendall.org Social Research Consultants University Park, MD USA (301) 864-5570 > participants. I have created the co-occurrence matrix and the subject > distance matrix. Now, I need to feed these matrixes into a > statistical software to run MDS cluster analysis. I want to see the > clusters that emerged from the data, hopefully pictorially and in > numbers. I do not have experience using any stats software (so I am > learning about all these as I go) and would appreciate your inputs on > which software is the best (intuitive and easy to learn and use) for > my analysis. Also, is there a free (or at a reasonable price) > software package for this type of anlaysis. > Œ`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹¹`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹` ¹`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹` > sci.psychology.research is a moderated newsgroup. > here bimonthly or the charter on the web at http://psychcentral.com/spr/ > Submissions are acknowledged automatically. Œ`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹¹`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹` ¹`¹`¹`¹`¹`¹` sci.psychology.research is a moderated newsgroup. here bimonthly or the charter on the web at http://psychcentral.com/spr/ Submissions are acknowledged automatically. === Subject: Re: 3d arc generator FORTRAN >Message-id: >>Message-id: >> >>Hey, >>Given the radius, beginning and end coordinates in 3d of a circular >>arc, I would like to generate a code giving coordinates of a speciÞed >>number of intermediates points on the arc. >>I¹m using FORTRAN. >>Can anyone help? >>Caroline >> Sounds a lot like a sphere to me. >> Dan ;-) >What a Dim Dumb Dan from a desperate man. >-- >You¹re Welcome, >Gerry T. Go away little Troll. === Subject: Integrating Bessel fcns, kelvin fcns, hankel functions by support1.mathforum.org (8.11.6/8.11.6/The Math Forum, $Revision: 1.9 primary) id i5SBiWe30054; Does anyone know how to integrate Bessel Functions with a complex argument? (or a kelvin or hankel function for that matter) Namely Integrate J_2(r Exp[(3 I Pi)/4]) dr from r=0 to r=InÞnity Any help would be greatly appreciated Matt Swingle mss4@duke.edu === Subject: Re: Integrating Bessel fcns, kelvin fcns, hankel functions charset=iso-8859-1 > Does anyone know how to integrate Bessel Functions with a complex > argument? (or a kelvin or hankel function for that matter) > Namely > Integrate J_2(r Exp[(3 I Pi)/4]) dr from r=0 to r=InÞnity > Any help would be greatly appreciated > Matt Swingle > mss4@duke.edu Here¹s one obvious place to look: Abramowitz and Stegun, Handbook of Mathematical Functions. It may be rather long in the tooth - full of tables, and so on - but has several chapters on Bessel functions. I don¹t have my copy immediately to hand, but I think it may be able to help you. I¹ve just checked: I have a pointer to an online copy, at http://jove.prohosting.com/~skripty/. I hope that this is of use to you. John johnDOTmorrisonATtescoDOTnet Ein Buch is wie ein Spiegel: wenn ein Affe hineinsieht, so kann kein Apostel herausgucken. - Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742 - 1799) --- Outgoing mail is certiÞed Virus Free. Checked by AVG anti-virus system (http://www.grisoft.com). === Subject: Re: Integrating Bessel fcns, kelvin fcns, hankel functions > Does anyone know how to integrate Bessel Functions with a complex > argument? (or a kelvin or hankel function for that matter) > Namely > Integrate J_2(r Exp[(3 I Pi)/4]) dr from r=0 to r=InÞnity > Any help would be greatly appreciated > Matt Swingle > mss4@duke.edu This has to be in G. N. Watson¹s *Treatise on Bessel Functions*. Phil Hobbs === Subject: Kronecker product times vector I¹m attempting to calculate the product, A x, of a matrix, A, and a vector, x. A is given by its Kronecker factors, i.e., A = otimes limits_i A_i. Take as example A = I_p otimes A_1 otimes I_q otimes A_2 otimes I_r otimes A_3 otimes I_s, where I_p is the identity matrix of dimension p, and the A_i¹s are squared matrices. For obvious reasons I attempted to form the product without explicitly calculating A. In fact, using stride permutations I have succeeded for small problems (See for example www.cs.duke.edu/~nikos/cps258/lectures/KP-FFT.ps). However, as the number of factors of A increases the coding gets increasingly messy and tedious. Hence, my questions: Are there any established libraries for calculating the matrix vector product of the type given above? Secondly, searching the net, I came across several publications were automatic code generation systems have been applied to products of the above type, especially in the context of DSP and FFT. Unfortunately, I could so far not get my hands on any of these? Any suggestions? Alex === Subject: Re: Is this problem solvable? >I have a problem I am not sure is solvable. There is an unknown >formula that calculates a value based on 10 parameters. Of these 10 >parameters, 1 is an integer and the other 9 are fractional. For >example: >a = 18, b = 6.5, c = 2.7, d = 3.2, e = 6.4, f = 9.2, g = 1.1, h = 3.8, >i = 5.0, j = 3.1 >f(a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j) = 3010 >I have about 20,000 data points of a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i = x. There¹s a >catch, though. The only data I am allowed to see is integer values for >each variable. For example: >18 6 2 3 6 9 1 3 5 3 = 3010 >I believe the formula used to calculate x is exponential because >higher variables tend to produce signiÞcantly higher values. Also, I >know that b and c are weighted more than the other variables, and a >and j are weighted very little, if at all. Also, most of my 20,000 >data points have b = 6 and f = 7. >What I would like to Þgure out is a method to determine the >fractional part of each variable. Really, if I could only Þnd the >fractional value of f, that would be Þne too. So given the input: >18 6 2 3 6 9 1 3 5 3 = 3010 >I would like to be able to Þgure out that f = 9.2. I realize there >probably isn¹t a way to Þnd the fractional values with 100% >conÞdence, but if I knew with 95% conÞdence that 9.1 <= f <= 9.3, >that would be sufÞcient. that means that not only you do not know what f(...) is about, you even don¹t know the inputs exactly??? >Is this problem solvable? If so, what methods should I use? I am not >looking for someone to do this work for me, but rather to guide me in >Þnding an answer. I haven¹t taken many advanced math classes, but I >am willing to do research. I just don¹t know what method(s) to >research. Feel free to email any questions to mkoss917 {at} yahoo >(dot) c-o-m. >Michael. no this is unsolvable. you have no idea how f works besides some growth properties. if everything is in the rationals, then you may assume that f is some rational function of the 10 variables. then you might look at the kind of dependency of f with only one input position varying. plot it, say in halþogarithmic scale in order to get an idea which (integer) exponent would be appropriate for it (may be a negative one if one rational decay can be observed). furthermore you might check whether it is completely separable or whether intercation of the variables is to be assumed. then you could try a mixed rational / polynomial model of f, say F(a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i)= z(1)*a^3+z(2)*b^{-2}+... + z(20)*a*b+ .... and Þt the coefÞcients z(1),z(2),... using least squares and compute intervals of conÞdence for those parameters z(i). but this is for this speciÞc model. whether this model is correct or not is not part of this analysis. and how large the errors in the inputs have been, how should one analyse this. say you have a two parameter case f(a,b)=x and have datasets (a(i),b(i),x(i)) with errors in a,b,x. now you may be convinced for example by taking datasets (a(i),a(i),x(i)), (a(i),0,x(i)), (0,a(i),x(i)), (a(i),-a(i),x(i)) that f(a,b)=z(1)*a*b. then getting z(1) in the least squares sense is easy, and if a(i),b(i),x(i) are all rational, then also z(1) will be rational. but if you have for example a dataset 10,10,300 then z(1)=3 would Þt perfectly this point but also 3*(100/11)*(110/10) would, hence you can assume your true a,b, had been not 10,10 but 100/11 and 110/10 ???? hth peter === Subject: Re: Berenger¹s PML in FDTD > In my own research I found PML to be largely useless in the time > domain because of corner reþections. The application was > elastomechanics (soil-structure interaction under seismic load). The > old-fashioned Lysmer silent boundary did better. Prof. Felippa, At the risk of seeming to toot my own horn, let me mention that we have in fact developed PML models for elastodynamics and implemented them using Þnite elements, in both the frequency and time domains, and used them to successfully solve classical soil-structure interaction problems that involved corner regions. Our results for these problems are noticeably more accurate than the Lysmer boundary model but obtained at similar cost. The modelling of corner regions is trivial in PML - the choice of attenuation functions in the corner blocks follows naturally from the theory. The references are: U. Basu and A. K. Chopra. Perfectly matched layers for time-harmonic elastodynamics of unbounded domains: theory and Þnite-element implementation. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 192(11-12):1337-1375, U. Basu and A. K. Chopra. Perfectly matched layers for transient elastodynamics of unbounded domains. International Journal for Numerical The IJNME paper has a slight error for which we have submitted a correction. (The error does not affect the results) I would be happy to send to PDF Þles for the papers and the correction. Recently, we have successfully used these PML models towards dam-water-foundation rock analysis under earthquake excitation - I would be happy to send the report once it is Þnalised. Ushnish Ushnish Basu ubasu@ce.berkeley.edu +1 510 644-1906 http://www.ce.berkeley.edu/~ubasu === Subject: Re: Berenger¹s PML in FDTD > Hiya, > > I¹m in the process of implementing my own FDTD code in 3D in c language. > I¹ve previously validated my code for the TEz, TMz, TEy and TEx by > computing > the relative error in each instance. In 3D I¹ve computed a reference > solution over 230 timesteps which I then compare to my test data. > Unfortunately after about 160 timesteps reþections can be seen. My > excitation is always placed @ 10cells from the air/PML interface. The > reþections seem to occur @ the same time step for each normal interface. > Can I conclude that I¹m having problems with my corners? If so, how can I > go > about testing them? > > > In my own research I found PML to be largely useless in the time > domain because of corner reþections. The application was > elastomechanics (soil-structure interaction under seismic load). The > old-fashioned Lysmer silent boundary did better. I¹ve never heard of Lysmer silent boundary¹s being used with FDTD. The most performant FDTD ABC¹s appear to either Berrenger¹s PML or Gedney¹s UPML. === Subject: Re: Berenger¹s PML in FDTD > Hiya, > > I¹m in the process of implementing my own FDTD code in 3D in c language. > I¹ve previously validated my code for the TEz, TMz, TEy and TEx by > computing > the relative error in each instance. In 3D I¹ve computed a reference > solution over 230 timesteps which I then compare to my test data. > Unfortunately after about 160 timesteps reþections can be seen. My > excitation is always placed @ 10cells from the air/PML interface. The > reþections seem to occur @ the same time step for each normal interface. > Can I conclude that I¹m having problems with my corners? If so, how can I > go > about testing them? > > > > In my own research I found PML to be largely useless in the time > domain because of corner reþections. The application was > elastomechanics (soil-structure interaction under seismic load). The > old-fashioned Lysmer silent boundary did better. > I¹ve never heard of Lysmer silent boundary¹s being used with FDTD. The > most performant FDTD ABC¹s appear to either Berrenger¹s PML or > Gedney¹s UPML. You are correct. My application was 3D elastodynamics, with FEM in space and FD in time. === Subject: Re: Complex arithmetic Jacques a .8ecrit dans le message de > I want to do arithmetic in rings such as Q]e^(Pi*I/n)], for some n, > exactly. For example, I would like to do E(23) + E(45) * 4 * E(10) > in GAP (where E(n) = e^(Pi*I*n)). However, I have many, many > calculations to do so I want to do them extra quickly. the ring is > known before the calculations are started(in fact, only 26 elements > are needed to determine all the operations performed). So I want to do > this extra quickly. How would I go about doing this? I¹ve thought > about libPari, but it seems that pari is used for þoating point > calculations. If anyone would know how to do it in libpari (or pari) > --Jacques The lcc-win32 compiler features 100 digits precision with the qþoat data type. #include #include int main(void) { qþoat q = -1.570796Q; qþoat result = tan(q); printf(tan is: %70.40qfn,result); } tan -3060023.3061935646797771659336362687358523 If you can write your calculations in the C language it will work very fast. === Subject: Re: Complex arithmetic I would like to do it symbolically, ie be able to retrieve the answer as a Þnite sum of the form sum{i}( a_i * e^(Pi*I*i)) > Jacques a .8ecrit dans le message de > I want to do arithmetic in rings such as Q]e^(Pi*I/n)], for some n, > exactly. For example, I would like to do E(23) + E(45) * 4 * E(10) > in GAP (where E(n) = e^(Pi*I*n)). However, I have many, many > calculations to do so I want to do them extra quickly. the ring is > known before the calculations are started(in fact, only 26 elements > are needed to determine all the operations performed). So I want to do > this extra quickly. How would I go about doing this? I¹ve thought > about libPari, but it seems that pari is used for þoating point > calculations. If anyone would know how to do it in libpari (or pari) > --Jacques > The lcc-win32 compiler features 100 digits precision with the qþoat > data type. > #include qþoat q = -1.570796Q; > qþoat result = tan(q); > printf(tan is: %70.40qfn,result); > tan > -3060023.3061935646797771659336362687358523 > If you can write your calculations in the C language it will work very > fast. === Subject: representing kinematics Hi! I have a problem in the representation of kinematic joint with 6 DoF. The mathematical representation of single rotations and translations is no problem using homogeneous coordinates. Also the calculation of a chain of joints is no problem. However I do not know how to predict the Þnal point, if each angle in rotation and each postponement in translation is equipped with a probability distribution. How can i predict the distribution of the Þnal point. Does anyone know an analytical solution? Simon === Subject: Re: Root Finder and Example > DERIVING ALL ROOTS TO ANY POLYNOMIAL (with example) I will eventually read this toughly. But for now is this a symbolic technique or a numeric technique? === Subject: Maple 6 Suppose that m, e and N are large integers. Why does (m&^e)mod(N) execute so much faster than (m^e)mod(N)? John W. Adams Lehigh University === Subject: Re: Maple 6 >Suppose that m, e and N are large integers. Why does (m&^e)mod(N) >execute so much faster than (m^e)mod(N)? Because (m^e) mod N actually computes m^e (which can be huge) Þrst and then reduces mod N, while (m &^ e) mod N works with integers mod N throughout. See the help page ?mod. Robert Israel israel@math.ubc.ca Department of Mathematics http://www.math.ubc.ca/~israel University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z2 === Subject: Re: Maple 6 John Adams Lehigh University === Subject: Re: Maple 6 > Suppose that m, e and N are large integers. Why does (m&^e)mod(N) > execute so much faster than (m^e)mod(N)? Because Maple doesn¹t have to compute the power; &^ is an inert operator. Joe === Subject: Re: Integral of Bessel function multiplied by exp > Hello everyone, > does anybody know how to compute analytically (at least, > approximately) > such integral > if the upper limit of your integral is infty > then you are lucky > int_0^{infty} exp(-a*x) * J_0(b*sqrt(x)) * dx = > frac{1}{a} * exp( - frac{b^2}{4*a}) > (see eqn 24.94 in > M.R.Spiegel, Handbook of Mathematics, > SCHAUM¹s Outline Series, McGraw-Hill Book Company) > with eqn 24.32 (you are near to the solution) > I_n(x) = i^{-n} * J_n(i*x) > you get > int_0^y exp(-a*x_1) * J_0(i*sqrt(x_2)*sqrt(x_1)) * dx_1 > = int_0^y exp(-a*x_1) * J_0(c*sqrt(x_1)) * dx_1 > with > c = i*sqrt(x_2) > thus your integral gets > int_0^{infty} exp(-a*x_1)*I_0(sqrt(c*x_1))dx_1 > = frac{1}{a} * exp( - frac{c^2}{4*a} ) > = frac{1}{a} * exp( - frac{i^2*sqrt(x_2)^2}{4*a} ) > = frac{1}{a} * exp( - frac{-1*x_2}{4*a} ) > = frac{1}{a} * exp( frac{x_2}{4*a} ) > and so on for the next integrals > int_0^y exp(-a*x)*I_0(sqrt(b*x))dx, > where I_0 is the modiÞed 0-th order Bessel function of the Þrst > kind? > In fact, I need to compute > int_0^y ...int_0^y > exp(-a*(x_1+...+x_n))*I_0(sqrt(x_1*x_2))*...*I_0(sqrt(x_{n-1} *x_n))dx_n...dx_ 1, > where n is **very** big number. > P. Trifonov > here are some additional books: > F. Oberhettinger, > Tables of Bessel Transforms, > Springer Publications > I.S. Gradshteyn, I.M. Ryzhik > Tables of Integrals, Series and Products > Academic Press > I hope this helps & happy computing > Herbert He might also want to consult Watson, A Treatise on the Theory of Bessel Functions. Julian V. Noble Professor Emeritus of Physics jvn@lessspamformother.virginia.edu ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/~jvn/ For there was never yet philosopher that could endure the toothache patiently. -- Wm. Shakespeare, Much Ado about Nothing. Act v. Sc. 1. === Subject: Re: Reverse Linear Regression > I was wondering if there is an algorithm that can be used > to create a set of n linear (X,Y) data points with a deÞned slope m, > y intercept b, STD DEV m and STD DEV b. > I could use it in making up lab questions > i.e If a table of Voltage and Current data is given for > an unknown resistor, plot the values Voltage vs Current and Þnd the > value of resistor and the error in the resistance. Also determine how > linear the data is. In some cases I have the more advanced students > use their calculators to analyze the data or sometimes I have them use > graph paper and eyeball it for the line of best Þt. > I have done this by hand using my HP48GX calculator, but > it would be nice to just type in the values for the slope, etc specify > the number of points wanted and have it churn out the original > data. > I would like to do his in MAPLE if possible. I use it quite > often, and my programming skills in other languages are either > extremely rusty or nonexistent. > It would also be nice to generate non-linear data for log or > exponential functions, since these functions also Þt certain physical > phenomena. > Harold A. Climer > Dept. Of Physics,Geology, and Astronomy > U.T. Chattanooga > 318 Grote Hall > 615 McCallie Ave > Chattanooga TN 37403 Any decent spreadsheet program (Excel, Quattro pro) will do this for you. Generate linear data and add (normally distributed) noise. You might want to add the noise to both independent and dependent variables (of course they will have different standard deviations and amplitudes). You can even add systematic error by choosing your noise to have a mean different from 0. Julian V. Noble Professor Emeritus of Physics jvn@lessspamformother.virginia.edu ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/~jvn/ For there was never yet philosopher that could endure the toothache patiently. -- Wm. Shakespeare, Much Ado about Nothing. Act v. Sc. 1. === Subject: Re: Reverse Linear Regression |> I was wondering if there is an algorithm that can be used |>to create a set of n linear (X,Y) data points with a deÞned slope m, |>y intercept b, STD DEV m and STD DEV b. By STD DEV m and STD DEV b, I assume you mean the standard error of estimate for m and b. If I haven¹t misread my statistics references, for STD DEV m = A and STD DEV b = B, with sum_i x_i = C, what you need are sum_i y_i = C m + b n sum_i x_i^2 = (B/A)^2 + C^2/n sum_i x_i y_i = m C^2/n + b C + m (B/A)^2 sum_i y_i^2 = (n-2) B^2 + n b^2 + 2 C m b + ((B/A)^2 + C^2/n) m^2 Now to produce n data points with given values of sum_i x_i = C, sum_i y_i = D, sum_i x_i^2 = E, sum_i x_i y_i = F, sum_i y_i^2 = G, you can start with 2n random numbers u_i, v_i of arbitrary distributions, and take x_i = p + q u_i y_i = r + s u_i + t v_i for suitable values of p,q,r,s,t. If everything works (and I think it should as long as n,m,b,A,B,C satisfy some consistency conditions), you should be able to solve for p,q,r,s,t. Thus you can do something like this: > gendata:= proc(n, m, b, A, B, C) local D,E,F,G,u,v,i,p,q,r,s,t,su,sv,suu,suv,svv,sol; D:= C*m + b*n; E:= (B/A)^2 + C^2/n; F:= m*C^2/n + b*C + m*(B/A)^2; G:= (n-2)*B^2 + n*b^2 + 2*C*m*b + ((B/A)^2 + C^2/n)*m^2; u:= RandomTools:-Generate(list(þoat(method=uniform),n)); v:= RandomTools:-Generate(list(þoat(method=uniform),n)); su:= add(u[i],i=1..n); sv:= add(v[i],i=1..n); suu:= add(u[i]^2,i=1..n); suv:= add(u[i]*v[i],i=1..n); svv:= add(v[i]^2,i=1..n); sol:= fsolve({ n*p + q*su = C, n*r + s*su + t*sv = D, n*p^2 + 2*p*q*su+q^2*suu = E, n*p*r + (p*s+q*r)*su+p*t*sv+q*s*suu + q*t*suv = F, n*r^2 + s^2*suu+t^2*svv + 2*r*s*su+2*r*t*sv+2*s*t*suv = G}); if sol = NULL then error Could not Þnd transformation Þ; subs(sol, map(U -> p+q*U, u)), subs(sol, zip((U,V) -> r+s*U+t*V,u,v)); end; Robert Israel israel@math.ubc.ca Department of Mathematics http://www.math.ubc.ca/~israel University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z2 === Subject: Re: Reverse Linear Regression > I was wondering if there is an algorithm that can be used > to create a set of n linear (X,Y) data points with a deÞned slope m, > y intercept b, STD DEV m and STD DEV b. > I could use it in making up lab questions > i.e If a table of Voltage and Current data is given for > an unknown resistor, plot the values Voltage vs Current and Þnd the > value of resistor and the error in the resistance. Also determine how > linear the data is. In some cases I have the more advanced students > use their calculators to analyze the data or sometimes I have them use > graph paper and eyeball it for the line of best Þt. > I have done this by hand using my HP48GX calculator, but > it would be nice to just type in the values for the slope, etc specify > the number of points wanted and have it churn out the original > data. > I would like to do his in MAPLE if possible. I use it quite > often, and my programming skills in other languages are either > extremely rusty or nonexistent. > It would also be nice to generate non-linear data for log or > exponential functions, since these functions also Þt certain physical > phenomena. Erm, I may be missing something here, as I¹m a mathematical ninny. To get your data, all you need to do is generate some perfect data for the given slope and intercept, and add some noise to it. I don¹t use Maple, but in R (www.r-project.org), a statistical language, this can be done very easily. [running R on the command line - I don¹t use any guis with it] x <- runif( 100, 20, 40 ) y <- x * 5.43 + 7.8 noise <- rnorm( 100, 0, 3 ) y <- y + noise x y In plain english, the Þrst line creates 100 uniformly distributed numbers between 20 and 40. These are the x values. The second line creates the y values for a slope of 5.43, and an intercept of -7.8. The third line creates some random noise with a mean of 0, and a standard deviation of 3. The fourth line adds the noise to the y values, so the points will no longer exactly match the lines. The Þfth and sixth lines just print out the values of x and y, suitable for cutting and pasting into documents. The above is just for linear data, with normally distributed errors. You could of course replace the line calculating the perfect data with some other function: y <- x ^ 0.3 + log2( x ) For different types of errors, you could pass the normally distributed errors through some function, or use some other probability distribution to generate them. While you asked for a method for Maple, R is free and runs on a number of operating systems. Ross-c === Subject: Cumulative Density Function for simple Multinomial Distribution I have a simple multinomial distribution with C equi-probable categories. [The probability of each category is 1/C] I¹d like to compute a cumulative density function for N trials (N = C * Q) for all the combinations (X1,X2,X3,...,Xc) such that MAX(Xi) <= M. Was wondering is there is a quick way to get this value. Values of interest C{4,8,16,32}, M{6,12,18,24}, Q{M/3,M/2,...,M} come up with a solution. I am not even sure how to compute the simple probability for the uniform result X1=X2=X3=...=Xc=Q, using Stirling¹s formula I get sqrt(C)/sqrt((2*PI*Q)^(C-1)) Jean-Pierre Panziera === Subject: Geometrical analogies for distribution functions? I just realized this in bed, but the normal distribution corresponds to the cross-sectional height of a parallelogram. e.g. The histogram of the sum of two dice approximates the normal distribution. The more sides the two dice have, the closer the histogram will look to a normal distribution. If the dice have inÞnitely many sides (a continuous distribution), the histogram will be a normal distribution. Discrete case: you can plot the outcome of two dice on a sheet of graph paper. e.g. two six-sided dice: Let the x-axis be the value of the Þrst die, the y-axis be the sum of the two dice. At x=1, we would have a bar that starts at (1,2) extending to (1,7). At x=2, we would have a bar that starts at (2,3) extending to (2,8). ... At x=6, we would have a bar that starts at (6,7) extending to (6,7). In the end, we will have bars stacked roughly in the shape of a parallelogram, and the histogram will correspond to the cross-sectional width of the parallelogram at a given value of y. As we increase the number of sides on the dice to inÞnity, the stack of bars will converge to a parallelogram, whose height as a function of x will look like the normal distribution. I have not seen such a geometrical analogy mentioned in any stat textbook I¹ve read. Are there other geometrical analogies to other kinds of distributions? === Subject: Reverse Linear Regression question I was wondering if there is an algorithm that can be used to create a set of n linear (X,Y) data points with a deÞned slope m, y intercept b, STD DEV m and STD DEV b. I could use it in making up lab questions i.e If a table of Voltage and Current data is given for an unknown resistor, plot the values Voltage vs Current and Þnd the value of resistor and the error in the resistance. Also determine how linear the data is. In some cases I have the more advanced students use their calculators to analyze the data or sometimes I have them use graph paper and eyeball it for the line of best Þt. I have done this by hand using my HP48GX calculator, but it would be nice to just type in the values for the slope, etc specify the number of points wanted and have it churn out the original data. I would like to do his in MAPLE if possible. I use it quite often, and my programming skills in other languages are either extremely rusty or nonexistent. It would also be nice to generate non-linear data for log or exponential functions, since these functions also Þt certain physical phenomena. Harold A. Climer Dept. Of Physics,Geology, and Astronomy U.T. Chattanooga 318 Grote Hall 615 McCallie Ave Chattanooga TN 37403 === Subject: b not in sp(v_1..v_n), v_n in sp(v_1...v_n-1,b) X-Enigmail-Version: 0.84.2.0 X-Enigmail-Supports: pgp-inline, pgp-mime Hi all. x_y, x_{y} - i mean that x is written normally and y is in subscript. 1) { v_1 .... v_n } is a subgroup of V 2) b is in V 3) b is not in Sp { v_1 ... v_n } 4) v_n is in Sp { v_1 ... v_{n-1}, b } Prove that { v_1 ... v_n } are dependent My answer (different from book) is pretty simple: Assume (the opposite) that { v_1 ... v_n } are independent. => (based on #3) { v_1 ... v_n, b } is also independent. That contradicts #4. The assumption is therefore wrong. Is my answer correct? (I mean ok to write it on exam) P.S. English is not my native tongue and the question is translated - please be forgiving ;) Ilya === Subject: Re: b not in sp(v_1..v_n), v_n in sp(v_1...v_n-1,b) ŒLooks right to me. BTW, is this still linear algebra, or is this more general algebra...? If it isn¹t linear algebra, well, my word has little meaning, as I¹m taking that (er, general algebra...) class this coming fall. Also, just out of curiousity--what other proof does the book have? The proof you have seems pretty straight forward... enough to be the textbook answer. Do they prove it by direct methods (as in showing that v_n is in Sp{v_1,...,v_n-1})? > Hi all. > x_y, x_{y} - i mean that x is written normally > and y is in subscript. > 1) { v_1 .... v_n } is a subgroup of V > 2) b is in V > 3) b is not in Sp { v_1 ... v_n } > 4) v_n is in Sp { v_1 ... v_{n-1}, b } > Prove that { v_1 ... v_n } are dependent > My answer (different from book) is > pretty simple: > Assume (the opposite) that { v_1 ... v_n } > are independent. => (based on #3) { v_1 ... v_n, b } > is also independent. That contradicts #4. > The assumption is therefore wrong. > Is my answer correct? (I mean ok to write > it on exam) > P.S. > English is not my native tongue and the question > is translated - please be forgiving ;) > Ilya === Subject: Re: b not in sp(v_1..v_n), v_n in sp(v_1...v_n-1,b) X-Enigmail-Version: 0.84.2.0 X-Enigmail-Supports: pgp-inline, pgp-mime > ŒLooks right to me. > BTW, is this still linear algebra, Yep > or is this more general algebra...? > If it isn¹t linear algebra, well, my word has little meaning, as I¹m > taking that (er, general algebra...) class this coming fall. > Also, just out of curiousity--what other proof does the book have? The > proof you have seems pretty straight forward... enough to be the > textbook answer. Do they prove it by direct methods (as in showing > that v_n is in Sp{v_1,...,v_n-1})? The answer in the book: (2) -> there are scalars alfa_1,...alpha_{n-1}, beta such that v_n = alpha_1*v_1+....alpha_{n-1}*v_{n-1} + beta*b If beta not equals to 0: b = (1/beta)*v_n - (alpha_1/beta)*v_1 - .. .. - (alpha_{n-1}/beta)*v_{n-1} and that means that b is in Sp({v_1 ... v_n}) which contradicts (3) therefore beta must be zero. v_n=alpha_1*v_1+...+alpha_{n-1}*v_{n-1} alpha_1*v_1+...+alpha_{n-1}*v_{n-1} - v_n = 0 v_n¹s (factor? multiplier? - don¹t know how it translates) is non-zero therefore { v_1 ... v_{n-1} , v_n } is dependent ... wow ;) >>1) { v_1 .... v_n } is a subgroup of V >>2) b is in V >>3) b is not in Sp { v_1 ... v_n } >>4) v_n is in Sp { v_1 ... v_{n-1}, b } === Subject: Re: arithmetic Robak 0,(9)+{1+}0=1 Time Theory charset=iso-8859-1 ksRobak > ksRobak > arithmetic Robak -- Time Theory by ksRobak (continue) > ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ > 1/3 = 1/3 * 10/10 = (10/3) / 10 _|_ 10/3 = X > 1/3 = X/10 = 0,X > 1/3 = 0,X = 9/30 + 1/30 = 3/10 + (10/3)/10^2 = 3/10 + X/10^2 = 0,3X > 0,X = 0,3X > 1/3 = 0,X = 0,3X = 0,33X = 0,3333...X = 0,(3)X = 0,(3)(10/3) > 0,(3)(10/3) - 0,(3) = (10/3) / 10^Re1 > Edward Robak ed_robak@wp.pl |/ re: 1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+...(->oo)=Re1 <== const Re1 + a/b = Re1 + a/b Re1 * a/b = Re1 * a/b 1/Re1 = +0 <== PUNKT x/Re1 = {x +}0 {x +}0 * Re1 = x +0 * ab = {ab +}0 +0/x = {1/x +}0 Edward Robak ed_robak@wp.pl |/ re: === Subject: Re: arithmetic Robak 0,(9)+{1+}0=1 Time Theory charset=iso-8859-1 ksRobak oo)=Re1 <== const > Re1 + a/b = Re1 + a/b > Re1 * a/b = Re1 * a/b > 1/Re1 = +0 <== PUNKT > x/Re1 = {x +}0 > {x +}0 * Re1 = x > +0 * ab = {ab +}0 > +0/x = {1/x +}0 > Edward Robak ed_robak@wp.pl |/ re: geometric Robak -- Time Theory by ksRobak (continue) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ A B B C o------------------o o------------------o 1 2 3...->oo Re1 1 2 3...->oo Re1 PUNKT={AB+}0 PUNKT={BC+}0 AB + BC = AC A B B C o------------------o o------------------o A B B C o------------------o o------------------o A B B C o------------------o o------------------o A B C o------------------o------------------o A C o------------------------------------o PUNKT={AB+}0 + {BC+}0 = {AC+}0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ {AC+}0 * Re1 = AC ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Edward Robak ed_robak@wp.pl |/ re: -- AGEOMETRETOS MEDEIS EISITO === Subject: Answer to this riddle? Please email me the answer. by support1.mathforum.org (8.11.6/8.11.6/The Math Forum, $Revision: 1.9 primary) id i68HkNB27580; Here is the puzzle: You may recall that, on Citrus Island, three tribes - the Whites, the Oranges, and the Lemons - have different standards of veracity. (They are otherwise indistinguishable.) Whites always tell the truth; Oranges always lie; Lemons, when asked a series of questions, tell the truth and lie alternately. A Lemon¹s Þrst answer in a series may be either true or otherwise. A visitor was somewhat confused recently when he was introduced to three natives named White, Orange, and Lemon, who are - not necessarily respectively - a White, an Orange, and a Lemon. There was also a fourth native named Yellow. The visitor asked each of the Þrst three natives (a) what his own tribe was, and (b) what was Mr. Yellow¹s tribe. To these questions, Mr. White replied: I¹m not a White. Mr. Yellow is an Orange. Mr. Orange replied: I¹m not Orange. Mr. Yellow is a Lemon. Mr. Lemon replied: I¹m not Lemon. Mr. Yellow is a White. To which tribe does Mr. Yellow actually belong? === Subject: Re: Answer to this riddle? Please email me the answer. days. My association with the Department is that of an alumnus. [Cc.ed to poster] >Here is the puzzle: > You may recall that, on Citrus Island, three tribes - the Whites, >the Oranges, and the Lemons - have different standards of veracity. >(They are otherwise indistinguishable.) Whites always tell the truth; >Oranges always lie; Lemons, when asked a series of questions, tell >the truth and lie alternately. A Lemon¹s Þrst answer in a series may >be either true or otherwise. > A visitor was somewhat confused recently when he was introduced to >three natives named White, Orange, and Lemon, who are - not >necessarily respectively - a White, an Orange, and a Lemon. There >was also a fourth native named Yellow. The visitor asked each of the >Þrst three natives (a) what his own tribe was, and (b) what was Mr. >Yellow¹s tribe. > To these questions, Mr. White replied: I¹m not a White. Mr. >Yellow is an Orange. > Mr. Orange replied: I¹m not Orange. Mr. Yellow is a Lemon. > Mr. Lemon replied: I¹m not Lemon. Mr. Yellow is a White. >To which tribe does Mr. Yellow actually belong? Consider the statement I¹m not White. This cannot be made by a white (since it would be false), nor can it be made by an Orange (since it would be true). So I¹m not White can only be said by a Lemon, who would be telling the true. So Mr. White is a lemon, and Mr. Yellow is not Orange. So Mr. Lemon and Mr. Orange are a white and an orange, in some order. Consider the statement I¹m not a Lemon. This cannot be said by an Orange (since it would be true), so Mr. Lemon must be a white. Therefore, Mr. Yellow is a white. Note that this means that Mr. Orange must be orange, and indeed, both his answers are false. It¹s not denial. I¹m just very selective about what I accept as reality. --- Calvin (Calvin and Hobbes) Arturo Magidin magidin@math.berkeley.edu === Subject: Friday the 13th: Max/Min on any given year by support1.mathforum.org (8.11.6/8.11.6/The Math Forum, $Revision: 1.9 primary) id i68J43402432; I came across a cute problem in a recent math competition. The problem asked to Þnd the maximum and minimum number of times Friday the 13th could occur in any given year. After giving it some serious thought, I realized that this problem is neither simple nor quick to solve. Here¹s my approach and answers (with spoil space). Any comments on the approach and accuracy of the answers would be greatly appreciated! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Month # of Days Range of day #s The 13th falls on day # ----- --------- --------------- ----------------------- J 31 1-31 13 F (*) 28 32-59 45 M 31 60-90 72 A 30 91-120 103 M 31 121-151 133 J 30 152-181 165 J 31 182-212 194 A 31 213-243 225 S 30 244-273 256 O 31 274-304 286 N 30 305-334 317 D 31 335-365 347 * this analysis only for non-leap years Now we want to calculate for each month the value of mod(13th day # - 13,7) , which yields the following results: J F M A M J J A S O N D {0, 4, 3, 6, 1, 5, 6, 2, 5, 0, 3, 5} This implies that if Jan 13 were a Sunday, we¹d get 3 occurrences of Friday 13 (since modulus would be 5) and they would occur in June, September, and December. This is the maximum number of occurrences. Likewise, if Jan 13 were a Thursday, we¹d only get one occurrence of Friday 13 and this would be in May. === Subject: Re: Friday the 13th: Max/Min on any given year > I came across a cute problem in a recent math competition. The > problem asked to Þnd the maximum and minimum number of times Friday > the 13th could occur in any given year. After giving it some serious > thought, I realized that this problem is neither simple nor quick to > solve. I just went through the calculation... took me about 5-10 minutes (with paper and pencil, of course :), probably. Considering that I have never seen a similar problem, this seems to be in a difÞculty level ranging from very easy to slightly non-trivial in a math competition (assuming that it¹s high school competition). > Month # of Days Range of day #s The 13th falls on day # > ----- --------- --------------- ----------------------- > J 31 1-31 13 > F (*) 28 32-59 45 > M 31 60-90 72 > A 30 91-120 103 > M 31 121-151 133 > J 30 152-181 165 > J 31 182-212 194 > A 31 213-243 225 > S 30 244-273 256 > O 31 274-304 286 > N 30 305-334 317 > D 31 335-365 347 > * this analysis only for non-leap years I did a similar analysis which accounts for leap years as well--your answer is still valid, as, in a leap year, the maximum possible occurance of Friday, 13th is still three times (if you have Friday, 13th in January), and minimum is still once. So, I suppose we can¹t avoid bad luck in any case (perhaps, if we tried the Chinese calendar, we might be able to avoid it :) > Now we want to calculate for each month the value of > mod(13th day # - 13,7) , Here -13 is unnecessary, as you will be Þnding the mode of your distribution anyway. (I don¹t know the term for least-frequently occuring value--is there one?) > which yields the following results: > J F M A M J J A S O N D > {0, 4, 3, 6, 1, 5, 6, 2, 5, 0, 3, 5} > This implies that if Jan 13 were a Sunday, we¹d get 3 occurrences of > Friday 13 (since modulus would be 5) and they would occur in June, > September, and December. This is the maximum number of occurrences. > Likewise, if Jan 13 were a Thursday, we¹d only get one occurrence of > Friday 13 and this would be in May. BTW, while your analysis is valid, taking mod 7 Þrst will make your calculations much easier--and quicker :). Let January begin from number 0 (for convenience), take mod 7 of all the months but December (er.. can you see why you need mod 7 of January but not December?), then you should have values 0, 2, and 3--and 1, for February in a leap year. Add up all of them, writing down the subtotal after each addition, so you end up with 12 numbers in an increasing order, and then take the modulus of each of them again. Er... wait. I just saw an error in your analysis. For the nth day on which the 13th of the month falls, your answers for February and June are wrong. Fortunately for your Þnal answer, while the error on February takes one occurance away from what used to be the mode of your distribution, the error for June adds one occurance to previously-same-day-of-the-week-occuring-twice group consisting of September and December (whew--that was a long adjective). But the correct analysis should show that the most Friday, 13th occur (for a non-leap year) when the 13th of January is a Tuesday. Best wishes, Andrew PS. I¹m just curious that the error on February and June didn¹t carry over to the other months--how did that happen? Typo? === Subject: Re: Friday the 13th: Max/Min on any given year [...] There are 2 errors in the table below, for February and June: > Month # of Days Range of day #s The 13th falls on day # > ----- --------- --------------- ----------------------- > J 31 1-31 13 > F (*) 28 32-59 45 ^^ 44 > M 31 60-90 72 > A 30 91-120 103 > M 31 121-151 133 > J 30 152-181 165 ^^^ 164 > J 31 182-212 194 > A 31 213-243 225 > S 30 244-273 256 > O 31 274-304 286 > N 30 305-334 317 > D 31 335-365 347 > * this analysis only for non-leap years > Now we want to calculate for each month the value of > mod(13th day # - 13,7) , > which yields the following results: > J F M A M J J A S O N D > {0, 4, 3, 6, 1, 5, 6, 2, 5, 0, 3, 5} The correct table is: J F M A M J J A S O N D {0, 3, 3, 6, 1, 4, 6, 2, 5, 0, 3, 5} and for leap years: J F M A M J J A S O N D {0, 3, 4, 0, 2, 5, 0, 3, 6, 1, 4, 6} > This implies that if Jan 13 were a Sunday, we¹d get 3 occurrences of > Friday 13 (since modulus would be 5) and they would occur in June, > September, and December. This is the maximum number of occurrences. > Likewise, if Jan 13 were a Thursday, we¹d only get one occurrence of > Friday 13 and this would be in May. The maximum number is indeed 3, but it occurs in February, March and November of non-leap years, and January, April and July of leap years. The minimum is indeed 1, and occurs in May, June or August of a non-leap year, or May, June or October of a leap year. Note that the 13th always falls on a different day of the week in each month of May through November. Jim Heckman === Subject: law of sines a=65,c=62,h=63.5,C=78 degrees what is A? If there is no solution, why? === Subject: Re: law of sines > a=65,c=62,h=63.5,C=78 degrees > what is A? > If there is no solution, why? The law of sines for a triangle with sides a.b and c and opposite angles , respectively of A,B and C, may be expressed as sin(A)/a = sin(B)/b = sin(C)/c. For your problem, it appears that you may ignore b and B and use only sin(A)/a = sin(C)/c, so that A = arcsin(a*sin(C)/c). === Subject: Re: Math Tutoring Site Right now, I¹m just starting out. I might increase it in the future, but for now, I¹m just trying to Þnd a few students to start out with. Jeff > x-no-archive: yes > Dude--- Take some business classes ! The biggest mistake people make > is not charging enough. Is your time only worth $5/hr? >> Just wanted to post for anyone interested... >> This site offers tutoring for math students online for $5/hour >> http://www.yourmathguide.com === Subject: I think I¹ve got it. I¹m sorry it¹s taken me so long to post again, I¹ve been away from my computer for a while. compared to some of the personal emails I¹ve been getting. The following are links to my derivation: http://img59.photobucket.com/albums/v179/chrax/Brian/ 1stone.jpg http://img59.photobucket.com/albums/v179/chrax/Brian/ 2ndone.jpg I would appreciate feedback, as I still don¹t want to look at any resources. My three formulas at the end have given me right answers so far in all the tests I¹ve put them through, so I think I¹m right. The derivations lacks comments or justiÞcation, other than that of the math itself. If you notice any þaws in my reasoning or have any questions please feel free to post a reply or send an email. I¹ll probably respond to an email more quickly. -=- I noticed that my initial question primarily ilicited annoyed responses. (I even got a rather rude email from someone named Mathed Man.) After I explained myself a little further I got primarily constructive responses. In the Linux world there are FAQs with regarding how to ask proper questions are there any FAQs on how to ask a proper math question? If not, does anyone have any suggestions? === Subject: Re: maple: derivatives wrt. derivatives >>So for instance is it possible to get somthing like >>f:=diff(x(t),t)^2; >>diff(f,diff(x(t),t)); >>This should give >>2*diff(x(t),t) > For example, > y(t):=diff(x(t),t): >>f:=y^2: >>diff(f,y)(t); > /d > 2 |-- x(t)| > dt / > Alec Mihailovs === Subject: Re: SYMBOLIC SOFTWARE FOR FINANCE?? GOOD IDEA?? > programs are divided into symbolic and numerical. Some programs are good for both symbolic and numeric computations. Mathematica and Maple are two such programs. > My question is, if a person is taking a double major in biology and > Þnance (real estate), would they be able to get by with just > mathematica? I¹d recommend also learning a spreadsheet program like Miscrosoft Excel in addition to Mathematica. > Everything I have read tells me that a program like Œmathworks matlab¹ > is better for real estate formulas and the like. Where did you read that? It should be trivial to program any real-estate formula into Mathematica. === THE FIFTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON KNOWLEDGE BASED COMPUTER SYSTEMS The next international conference on Knowledge Based Computer Systems to act as a forum for promoting interaction among researchers in the Þeld of ArtiÞcial Intelligence in India and abroad. The International Conference on Natural Language Processing(ICON) will be held concurrently at the same venue. ____________________________________________________________ Submission Deadlines ____________________________________________________________ Papers are invited on substantial, original and unpublished research on all aspects of ArtiÞcial Intelligence, including, but not limited to the following: Case Based Reasoning Cognitive Modelling Data Mining Expert Systems Foundations of AI Fuzzy Logic Genetic Algorithms Intelligent Agents Intelligent Tutoring Systems Intelligent Information Retrieval Knowledge Acquisition Knowledge Management Knowledge Representation Machine Learning Machine Translation Neural Networks Natural Language Processing Planning and Scheduling Reasoning Robotics Search Techniques Soft Computing Speech Processing Theorem Proving Uncertainty Handling Vision Full papers (abstracts alone will not be accepted) must be submitted electronically at the conference website (preferred) or by e-mail. All submissions will be individually acknowledged by e-mail. Papers must contain an abstract not exceeding 250 words. Papers must be no more than 10 pages in length, inclusive of all Þgures, tables, references and appendices. Papers must be submitted in PDF/single-Þle HTML format. Refereeing will be Œblind¹ and hence authors¹ names and afÞliations must be given on a separate cover sheet only. Instructions regarding the format of submissions will are available at Language Processing area, without strong AI content may be transferred Advisory Committee ------------------ Aravind K. Joshi, Univ. of Pennsylvania P.V.S Rao, Tata Infotech Ltd, Mumbai R. Narasimhan, CMC, Bangalore Programme Committee ------------------ K.S.R Anjaneyulu, HP Labs, Bangalore Vivek Balaraman, TRDDC, Pune Pushpak Bhattacharya, IIT Mumbai P.P. Chakraborti, IIT Kharagpur S. Kambhampati, Arizona State University M. Narasimha Murty, IISc, Bangalore Bernd Neumann, Univ. of Hamburg Arun K. Pujari, Univ. of Hyderabad S. Ramani, HP Labs, Bangalore P.V.S Rao, Tata Infotech Ltd, Mumbai (Chair) Durgesh D. Rao, DR Systems, Mumbai P. Saint-Dizier, Univ. of Paul Sabatier, France K. Samudravijaya, TIFR, Mumbai R. Sangal, IIIT Hyderabad M. Sasikumar, C-DAC Mumbai (formerly NCST) (co-chair) S. Sengupta, Tata Infotech Ltd, Mumbai R. Uthurusamy, GMR Labs, USA (co-chair) Contact Address --------------- C-DAC Mumbai (formerly NCST) Raintree Marg, Near Bharati Vidyapeeth, Opp. Kharghar Railway Station, Sector 7, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai 400614, India Phone: +91-22-27560013 email: kbcs AT ncst.ernet.in -- [ Jayprasad J. Hegde, http://staff.ncst.ernet.in/jjhegde/ ] === Subject: Re: arithmetic Robak 0,(9)+{1+}0=1 Time Theory charset=iso-8859-1 ksRobak > ksRobak > arithmetic Robak -- Time Theory by ksRobak (continue) > ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ > 1/3 = 1/3 * 10/10 = (10/3) / 10 _|_ 10/3 = X > 1/3 = X/10 = 0,X > 1/3 = 0,X = 9/30 + 1/30 = 3/10 + (10/3)/10^2 = 3/10 + X/10^2 = 0,3X > 0,X = 0,3X > 1/3 = 0,X = 0,3X = 0,33X = 0,3333...X = 0,(3)X = 0,(3)(10/3) > 0,(3)(10/3) - 0,(3) = (10/3) / 10^Re1 > Edward Robak ed_robak@wp.pl |/ re: 1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+...(->oo)=Re1 <== const Re1 + a/b = Re1 + a/b Re1 * a/b = Re1 * a/b 1/Re1 = +0 <== PUNKT x/Re1 = {x +}0 {x +}0 * Re1 = x +0 * ab = {ab +}0 +0/x = {1/x +}0 Edward Robak ed_robak@wp.pl |/ re: === Subject: Re: arithmetic Robak 0,(9)+{1+}0=1 Time Theory charset=iso-8859-1 ksRobak oo)=Re1 <== const > Re1 + a/b = Re1 + a/b > Re1 * a/b = Re1 * a/b > 1/Re1 = +0 <== PUNKT > x/Re1 = {x +}0 > {x +}0 * Re1 = x > +0 * ab = {ab +}0 > +0/x = {1/x +}0 > Edward Robak ed_robak@wp.pl |/ re: geometric Robak -- Time Theory by ksRobak (continue) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ A B B C o------------------o o------------------o 1 2 3...->oo Re1 1 2 3...->oo Re1 PUNKT={AB+}0 PUNKT={BC+}0 AB + BC = AC A B B C o------------------o o------------------o A B B C o------------------o o------------------o A B B C o------------------o o------------------o A B C o------------------o------------------o A C o------------------------------------o PUNKT={AB+}0 + {BC+}0 = {AC+}0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ {AC+}0 * Re1 = AC ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Edward Robak ed_robak@wp.pl |/ re: -- AGEOMETRETOS MEDEIS EISITO === Subject: Galois group for deg 12 polynomial charset=Windows-1252 Can someone Þnd the Galois group of this polynomial? x^12+7*x^11+13*x^10-13*x^9-62*x^8-27*x^7+75*x^6+55*x^5-39*x^4 -34*x^3+3*x^2+6 *x+1 What software (if any) can do this? This polynomial arose in a plane geometry problem of arranging 11 circles in a circle. The answer is to Jim Buddenhagen === Subject: Re: Galois group for deg 12 polynomial > Can someone Þnd the Galois group of this polynomial? x^12+7*x^11+13*x^10-13*x^9-62*x^8-27*x^7+75*x^6+55*x^5-39*x^4 -34*x^3+3*x^2+6 *x+1 > What software (if any) can do this? This polynomial arose in a plane > geometry problem of arranging 11 circles in a circle. The answer is to > Jim Buddenhagen Michael Pohst¹s group can apparently compute the groups of polynomials over Q up to degree 15. See http://www.math.tu-berlin.de/~kant/kash.html . The program is free. --Edwin Clark === Subject: DC Proof 1.0 -- Revised and expanded tutorial DC Proof is a line-by-line proof checker with a professional, easy-to-use interface designed with non-specialist in mind. It allows you to write error-free, formal proofs in logic, set theory and number theory. The recently revised and expanded tutorial should serve as an excellent introduction to formal logic and proof for the beginner. Exercises with hints and full solutions are provided. Download DC Proof 1.0 at my website: http://www.dcproof.com System requirements: MS Windows (Win95 or later) and Internet Explorer (version 4 or later). Freeware download for personal use only. Enquire about multi-user agreements. Dan Christensen Toronto, Canada dc@dcproof.com === Subject: Re: Base 12. was: Origin of 360 degrees in a Circle? Base 12 is vastly superior to base 10. The problem is we¹re stuck with base 10. For example, 6 is the smallest perfect number, it¹s multiple 12, is the Þrst abundant number, and sigma(12)=28, the second perfect number. Also, 6=3!, 4*6=4!. Many common fractions have exact decimal in base 12, 1/3=0.4, 2/3=0.8, 1/4=0.3, 1/8=0.16, 1/16=0.09. There¹s also Benford¹s Law on the probability distribution of Þrst nonzero digits, given by log_b(1+1/d). In base 12 the probabilty of a Þrst nonzero digit being a divisor>1 is then 43% while in base 10 it is 26%. I think this would have implications in supercomputing: if your doing trillions of calculations a second and converting between binary and (duo)decimal, would Benford¹s Law imply that base 12 is measurably faster? The fact that you have a greater chance of combining divisors of your base should have some effect. The Pythagorean Triples have a transparent structure in base 12. There¹s no apparent structure in base 10. If anyone¹s interested, I¹ll email you a pdf Þle. One more point: go look through the Atlas of Finite Groups and observe haw many groups have order of the form 2^p*3^q*5^r *(everything else) where typically p is large, q

... > If you want divisibility by 11: either dream, or surprise me! > I seem to recall reading, in a discussion on the Duodecimal Society > (a group advocating the use of base 12), a mention of different group > advocating using a prime base (maybe 11). The suggestion in the > However, in Martin Gardner¹s _Mathematical Magic Show_, Chapter 8, I > found the following: > Above 5, very few number systems have been based on primes. > W.W. Rouse Ball, in _A Short Account of the History of > Mathematics_ (fourth edition, 1908), cites only the 7-base > system of the Bolas, a West African tribe, and the 11-base > system of the early Maoris, although I cannot vouch for > either assertion. > Jay === Subject: Debunking physics For the debunking of physics see http://paradigm.blogharbor.com === Subject: Re: Debunking physics > For the debunking of physics see http://paradigm.blogharbor.com > [Physics] assumes that its measurement (its quantities) and mathematics > represent the ultimate logic of the Universe, and impose these upon its > observations and experiments. Wrong. Physicists have long wondered how come mathematics provides such a good description of physical phenomena, as illustrated by Wigner in a famous paper on the subject. In a nutshell, you¹ve got it back to front. === Subject: Re: roots of polynomials by support1.mathforum.org (8.11.6/8.11.6/The Math Forum, $Revision: 1.9 primary) id i6ACbf103044; >Reply to Dr. G.A.Edgar >this equation of an odd degree,therefore,it must intersects x-axes at >least at one point,that is what I mean by (Þnd out) that point of >intersection.now if i assume (a&b) are real cooefÞcients rather than >real rational coofÞcients ,would that make it uncofusiable. >I saw a strange formula (on the same topic)from mr.karzeddin.I have >been exersizing that formula for (n=5 )& (m=1 or 3)& surprizingly it >gives me very close values of intersections(f(x)& x-axes) as long as I >take more elements of that mentioned series >I hoop,this would make it clear. >sincerely yours Is there a radical closed form solution for the following equation x^5 + (27 + 24i)*x +(-4 + 48i) = 0 where i = (-1)^(1/2) === Subject: Re: roots of polynomials by support1.mathforum.org (8.11.6/8.11.6/The Math Forum, $Revision: 1.9 primary) id i68Bxoe29130; >>A very interesting formula. It comes, I think, from a series in powers >>of t for a root of x^n + t x^m - 1. According to Maple: >>[view in Þxed-width font] > series(RootOf(x^n + t*x^m - 1, x), t); >> 1 n - 1 - 2 m 2 (2 n - 1 - 3 m) (n - 1 - 3 m) 3 >>1 - - t - ----------- t - ----------------------------- t >> n 2 3 >> 2 n 6 n >> (3 n - 1 - 4 m) (n - 1 - 4 m) (2 n - 1 - 4 m) 4 >> - --------------------------------------------- t >> 4 >> 24 n >> (n - 1 - 5 m) (3 n - 1 - 5 m) (2 n - 1 - 5 m) (4 n - 1 - 5 m) 5 >> - ------------------------------------------------------------- t >> 5 >> 120 n >> / 6 >> + Ot / >I think this is best viewed as a special case of the Lagrange Inversion >Formula. See ><http://m athworld.wolfram.com/LagrangeInversionTheorem.html>. >Write the equation x^n + t x^m = s as z = s - t z^(m/n) = s + t p(z) >where x = z^(1/n) = F(z) and p(z) = - z^(m/n). The Lagrange Inversion >Formula says >x = F(z) = F(s) + sum_{k=1}^inÞnity t^k/k! (d/ds)^(k-1) (p(s)^k F¹(s)) >>I don¹t know about the convergence of this series. >It will converge for sufÞciently small |t|. I¹m not sure exactly how >small. >Robert Israel israel@math.ubc.ca >Department of Mathematics http://www.math.ubc.ca/~ israel >University of British Columbia >Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z2 I did not get the lagrange inversion you explained, Why do you add many variables like (z,F(z),p(z)) can you simplify the expression? (d/ds)^(k-1) (p(s)^k F¹(s)), were , s is constant hrer. Is there a direct formula for lagrange like the one I have introduced earlier. In fact,I have derived(in 1991) a direct formula for x in terms of (n,m,a,b)only, for the equation: f(x)=x^n+ax^m+b=0 with out any further complication. === Subject: Re: roots of polynomials by support1.mathforum.org (8.11.6/8.11.6/The Math Forum, $Revision: 1.9 primary) id i685mCA31364; >> Þnd out one real root for the following uneven degree equation: >> f(x)=x^n+ax^m+b=0 >> n is uneven positive integer >> m is positive integer less than n >> f(x) is a rational integeral function of x >> (a&b) are real rational cooefÞcients >The Galois group for x^5+x+3 over the rationals is S5. >What do you mean by Þnd out? >>Eng.Osama Ababnah,had passed on to me yuor e-mail >> question about the meaning of Þnd out? >> as you see from the formula I added the dots notations ... >>which, means that the root obtained by this series comes >> out of inÞnte sums,as you suggest in your message. >>the solution,therfore,for uniqe only root is always irrational number. >I don¹t get your therefore. Just because something is the sum of >an inÞnite series doesn¹t mean it¹s irrational. For example, >x^n + a x^m - (1+a) has a rational root. >Robert Israel israel@math.ubc.ca >Department of Mathematics http://www.math.ubc.ca/~ israel >University of British Columbia >Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z2 I have not presented my solution to (x^n+ax^m+b=0)yet, so you are true but: My reply was to the case, when (a=b=1) Can you provide one rational root for (x^n+x^m+1=0) === Subject: Re: roots of polynomials >I have not presented my solution to (x^n+ax^m+b=0)yet, >so you are true but: >My reply was to the case, when (a=b=1) >Can you provide one rational root for (x^n+x^m+1=0) Of course not, because there isn¹t any (x would be an algebraic integer, and all algebraic integers that are rational are ordinary integers). Robert Israel israel@math.ubc.ca Department of Mathematics http://www.math.ubc.ca/~israel University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z2