Simpson's Rule This rule assumes a curve is a series of parabolas. For a single parabola you have y(0) y(1) and y(2) at x(0), x(1), and x(2), equally spaced at distance h. Area= 1/3*( y(0) + 4 * y(1) + y(2) ) Assume you have a curve with 6 equally divided panels. x(0) to x(6) and y(0) to y(6) Add results of each set of two panels to get total area. Example Assume f(x) = -3 * x^2 + 18 y(0)=18 y(1)=15 y(2)=6 y(3)=-9 y(4)=-30 y(5)=-57 y(6)=-90 Compute area of first panel pair. y(0,2) = 1/3*(18+4*15+6) = 28 Compute area of second panel pair, y(2,4) = 1/3*( 6+4*(-9)+(-30) ) = -20 Compute area of third panel pair, y(4,6) = 1/3*( (-30)+4*(-57)+(-90) ) = -116 sum= area = -108 1/3 * ( ( y(0)=18) + ( y(6) = (-90) ) ) + 2*( ( y(2)=6 ) + ( y(4)=(-30) ) + 4*( ( y(1)=15 ) + ( y(3)=(-9) ) + ( y(5)=-57 ) ) = -108 Integral {0 to 6} (-3 * x^2 + 18) dx = -108 General rule h= width of panel = 1 in this example m= number of panels Area=1/3 * h * ( ( y(0) + y(2*m) ) + 4 * ( y(1) + y(3) +...+ y(2*m-1) ) + 2 * ( y(2) + y(4) +...+ y(2*m-2) ) ) -- Equation y[1]=18 y[2]=15 y[3]=6 y[4]=-9 y[5]=-30 y[6]=-57 y[7]= -90 dim[y]=7->d h=1 h*(y[1]+y[d] + 2*sigma(y[n*2+1],n,1,(0.5*d-1.5) ) + 4*sigma(y[n*2] ,n,1,(0.5*d-0.5) ) /3 ->area ===== Theory x(0)=0 x(1)=1 x(2)=2 given y= a*x^2+b*x+c a*(0^2)+b*0+c=y0 a*(1^2)+b*1+c=y1 a*(2^2)+b*2+c=y2 c=y0 a+b =y1-y0 4*a+2*b=y2-y0 a=0.5*y0-y1+0.5*y2 b=-1.5*y0+2*y1-0.5*y2 Integrate a*x^2+b*x+c dx { 0 to 2 } area = 1/3*(y0+4*y1+y2)