Here is the equation for computing t-probability. n=degrees of freedom of data You need the gamma() function, which I gave you. Define f(n) = gamma( (n+1)/2)/( sqrt(Pi*n) * gamma( n/2 ) * (1+ (x^2/n ))^( - (n+1) /2 ) Probability = area from k to infinity = S( f(n),x , k , 40 ) k stands in for infinity and is adequate. The shape is approximately the curve of error, Some urls give a bad equation In the 89 F5 5:t Pdf gives the value of function F5 6:t Cdf gives area between t values These agree with the given equation above. Total area -oo to oo is 1 ======== t statistics analysis http://helios.bto.ed.ac.uk/bto/statistics/tress4a.html offers an example. Create a folder in Var-link. In MODE, select this folder. Select Statistics APP. See list1 list2 ... Fill with these values from url example. list1 | list2 | ---------------| 500 | 470 | 460 | 460 | 510 | 460 | 470 | 480 | F4 2:2-Var Stats XList list1 YList list2 Freq 1 Category List blank Includ Categories {} Enter Enter ----- See xbar=xmean = 485 sigma x=sumx = 1940 sigma (x^2) = 942600 Sx=S Standard deviation = 23.804761 ox=P Standard deviation = 20.6155 n= number items = 4 ybar = 467.5 sigma y = 1870 sigma (y^2) = 874500 Sy = 9.5742 oy = 8.2916 ========= compute these quantities (sigma x)^2= 1940^2 = 3763600 (sigma y)^2= 1910^2 = 3496900 (sigma x)^2/n = 3763600/4 = 940900 (sigma y)^2/n = 3648100/4 = 874225 sigma d^2x = sigma (x^2) - (sigma x)^2/n = 942600 - 1940^2/4 = 1700 sigma d^2y = sigma (y^2) - (sigma y)^2/n = 914300 - 1910^2/4 = 275 od^2x = sigma d^2x/(n-1) = 1700/3 = 566,.666 od^2y = sigma d^2y/(n-1) = 275/3 = 91.666 od2=od^2x/nx + od^2y/ny= 566.666/4 + 91.666/4= 164,582 od2 is the variance of the difference between the means. os=sqrt(od2)=12.829 t=(xbar-ybar)/os= (485-477.5)/18.2= 1.3641 Go to F5 6:Cdf Lower value t=1.3691 Upper value =20(any big number) Degree of freedom= Enter Enter Cdf = probability difference in means is not statistically significant. See area =0.110744 =probability difference in means is not significant. To compute t for P=.05 two tail Choose F5:2 Inverse 2: Inverse t Area=0.025 =0.05/2 Deg of Freedom=6 this gives t= -2.446 for a 0.05 two tail probability To compute t for P=.001 Choose F5:2 Inverse 2: Inverse t Area=.0005 Deg of Freedom=6 this gives t= -5.96 for a 0.001 two tail probability Shade 2: Shade t Lower Value -2.46 Upper Value=2.46 Degree of freedom =6 Enter See colored region = 0.95 ==== Math operations have to be defined in list title region. Assume list 2 has 4 numbers. Darken title region of list 4. See list4={} Type in list2^2. Enter Now the contents are squares of numbers found in list 2. If you need more than 6 lists, you have to define the title as listn before you can define a math function there, This applies to list 7 up. If you accidently define a list title with a wrong name, delete it in var-link. ======== Program Compute Student-t tt() Prgm ClIO {500,460.510,470}->xx x data {470,460,460,480}->yy y data dim(xx)->nx number of x 4 dim(yy)->ny number of y 4 sum(xx)->sxx sum of x 1940 sum(yy)->syy sum of x 1870 mean(xx)->mxx mean of x 485 mean(yy)->myy mean of y 467,5 xx*xx->xx2 xx^2 {250000 yy*yy->yy2 yy^2 {220900 sum(xx2)->sxx2 sum(xx^2) 942600 sum(yy2)->syy2 sum(yy^2) 874500 sxx^2->sxx22 sum(xx^2)^2 3763600 syy^2->syy22 sum(yy^2)^2 3496900 sxx22/nx=ssx 940900 syy22/ny=ssy 874225 sxx2-sxx^2/nx->sx2 1700 syy2-syy^2/ny->ay2 275 sx2/(nx-1)->od2x 566.666 sy2/(ny-1)->od2y 91.666 od2x/nx+od2y/ny->od2 164.5633 sqrt(od2)->os 12,829 (mxx-myy)/os->t 1.364096 nx+ny-2=n degree of freedom 6 Disp "Degree f,n",n Disp "t",t 1.3641 Define h(n)=gamma((n+1)/2)/(sqrt(pi*n)*gamma(n/2))*(1-x^2/n)^-(n+1)/2) Integral(h(n),x,t,30)->p Probability Disp "p",p 0.110744 1-p->pp Disp "pp",pp 0.889256 EndPrgm